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HomeMy WebLinkAboutHAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE PROVIDED BY ATKINS NORTH AMERICA, INC. Ilmem_dio, Augusta-RichmoIC nd County 1/1Hazard Mitigation Plan Z February 2017 Illroiku k 9 7 � s� ori .iiiia' r ,fir" `e TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction SECTION 1 Planning Process SECTION 2 Community Profile SECTION 3 Hazard Identification SECTION 4 Hazard Profiles SECTION 5 Vulnerability Assessment SECTION 6 Capability Assessment SECTION 7 Mitigation Strategy SECTION 8 Mitigation Action Plan SECTION 9 Plan Maintenance SECTION 10 Plan Adoption APPENDIX A Planning Tools APPENDIX B Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool APPENDIX C Planning Process Documentation APPENDIX D Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan February 2017 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION This section provides a general introduction to the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan. It consists of the following five subsections: ❖ 1.1 Background ❖ 1.2 Purpose ❖ 1.3 Scope ❖ 1.4 Authority ❖ 1.5 Summary of Plan Contents 1.1 BACKGROUND Natural and man-made hazards,such as floods, hurricanes,and nuclear power plant incidents, are a part of the world around us. In some cases, their occurrence is natural and inevitable, and there is little we can do to control their force and intensity. In others, we have more power to control the intensity and probability, but can never truly eliminate the threat entirely. In either case, we must consider these hazards to be legitimate and significant threats to human life,safety,and property. Augusta-Richmond County is located in the east central section of Georgia. This area is vulnerable to a wide range of natural hazards, such as severe thunderstorms/windstorms, winter storms, floods, and hurricanes/tropical storms. It is also vulnerable to technological and man-made hazards, including chemical hazards, terrorism, and nuclear power plant incidents. These hazards threaten the life and safety of residents in Augusta-Richmond County and have the potential to damage or destroy both public and private property, disrupt the local economy, and impact the overall quality of life of individuals who live,work,and vacation in Augusta-Richmond County. While the threat from hazardous events may never be fully eliminated, there is much we can do to lessen their potential impact upon our community and our citizens. By minimizing the impact of hazards upon our built environment, we can prevent such events from resulting in disasters. The concept and practice of reducing risks to people and property from known hazards is generally referred to as hazard mitigation. 'Ci,. FEMA Definition of Hazard Mitigation: (\,..„,., ' U "Any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and �D SEproperty from hazards." Hazard mitigation techniques include both structural measures (such as strengthening or protecting buildings and infrastructure from the destructive forces of potential hazards) and non-structural measures (such as the adoption of sound land use policies and the creation of public awareness programs). It is widely accepted that the most effective mitigation measures are implemented at the local government level, where decisions on the regulation and control of development are ultimately Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 1:1 February 2017 SECTION 1:INTRODUCTION made. A comprehensive mitigation approach addresses hazard vulnerabilities that exist today and in the foreseeable future. Therefore, it is essential that projected patterns of future development are evaluated and considered in terms of how that growth will increase or decrease a community's overall hazard vulnerability. A key component in the formulation of a comprehensive approach to hazard mitigation is to develop, adopt, and update a local hazard mitigation plan as needed. A hazard mitigation plan establishes the broad community vision and guiding principles for reducing hazard risk, and further proposes specific mitigation actions to eliminate or reduce identified vulnerabilities. Augusta-Richmond County and the two municipalities participating in the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan have an existing hazard mitigation plan that has evolved over the years, as described in Section 2: Planning Process. This update of the plan draws from the previous plan to document the efforts of each jurisdiction to incorporate hazard mitigation principles and practices into routine government activities and functions. At its core, the Plan recommends specific actions to minimize hazard vulnerability and protect residents from losses to those hazards that pose the greatest risk. These mitigation actions go beyond simply recommending structural solutions to reduce existing vulnerability, such as elevation, retrofitting, and acquisition projects. Local policies on community growth and development, incentives for natural resource protection, and public awareness and outreach activities are examples of other actions considered to reduce Augusta-Richmond County's vulnerability to identified hazards. The Plan remains a living document, with implementation and evaluation procedures established to help achieve meaningful objectives and successful outcomes over time. 1.1.1 The Disaster Mitigation Act and the Flood Insurance Reform Acts In an effort to reduce the Nation's mounting natural disaster losses, the U.S. Congress passed the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) in order to amend the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. Section 322 of DMA 2000 emphasizes the need for state, local, and Tribal government entities to closely coordinate on mitigation planning activities and makes the development of a hazard mitigation plan a specific eligibility requirement for any local or Tribal government applying for federal mitigation grant funds. In short, if a jurisdiction is not covered by an approved mitigation plan, it will not be eligible for mitigation grant funds. These funds include the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)and the Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program, both of which are administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the Department of Homeland Security. Communities with an adopted and federally-approved hazard mitigation plan thereby become pre- positioned and more apt to receive available mitigation funds before and after the next disaster strikes. Additionally, the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-264) created two new grant programs, Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL)and Repetitive Flood Claim (RFC),and modified the existing Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program. One of the requirements of this Act is that a FEMA-approved Hazard Mitigation Plan is now required if communities wish to be eligible for these FEMA mitigation programs. However, as of early 2014, these programs have been folded into a single Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program. This change was brought on by new, major federal flood insurance legislation that was passed in 2012 under the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act (P.L. 112-141) and the subsequent Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act in 2014 which revised Biggert-Waters. These acts made several Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 1:2 February 2017 SECTION 1:INTRODUCTION changes to the way the National Flood Insurance Program is to be run, including raises in rates to reflect true flood risk and changes in how Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) updates impact policyholders. These acts further emphasize Congress'focus on mitigating vulnerable structures. The Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan has been prepared in coordination with FEMA Region IV and the Georgia Emergency Management Agency (GEMA) to ensure that the Plan meets all applicable FEMA and state requirements for hazard mitigation plans. A Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool, found in Appendix C, provides a summary of federal and state minimum standards and notes the location where each requirement is met within the Plan. 1.2 PURPOSE The purpose of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan is to: ❖ Reduce risk to people, property,and the critical infrastructure; ❖ Increase public awareness and education about the plan and the planning process; ❖ Maintain grant eligibility for participating jurisdictions;and ❖ Maintain compliance with state and federal legislative requirements for local hazard mitigation plans. 1.3 SCOPE The focus of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan is on those hazards determined to be "high" or "moderate" risks to Augusta-Richmond County, as determined through a detailed hazard risk assessment. Other hazards that pose a "low" or "negligible" risk will continue to be evaluated during future updates to the Plan, but they may not be fully addressed until they are determined to be of high or moderate risk. This enables the participating jurisdictions to prioritize mitigation actions based on those hazards which are understood to present the greatest risk to lives and property. The geographic scope (i.e., the planning area) for the Plan includes all of Augusta-Richmond County including all of its incorporated municipalities (see below). Richmond County includes three municipalities: Augusta, Blythe, and Hephzibah. The City of Augusta operates in conjunction with Richmond County as part of a consolidated government and thus, these communities are treated as a single entity in this plan as there are no unincorporated areas within the county. Additionally, Fort Gordon occupies a large section of the southwest part of the county and, although not an incorporated municipality, it is treated as a separate entity for the purposes of this Plan. Table 1.1 indicates the participating jurisdictions. TABLE 1.1:JURISDICTIONAL AREAS IN THE AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN Augusta-Richmond County Fort Gordon Blythe Hephzibah Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 1:3 February 2017 SECTION 1:INTRODUCTION 1.4 AUTHORITY The Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan has been developed in accordance with current state and federal rules and regulations governing local hazard mitigation plans and has been adopted by each participating jurisdiction in accordance with standard local procedures. Copies of the adoption resolutions for each participating jurisdiction are provided in Appendix A. The Plan shall be routinely monitored and revised to maintain compliance with the following provisions, rules,and legislation: ❖ Section 322, Mitigation Planning, of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as enacted by Section 104 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000(P.L. 106-390); ❖ FEMA's Final Rule published in the Federal Register, at 44 CFR Part 201 (201.6 for local mitigation planning requirements and 201.7 for Tribal planning requirements);and ❖ Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-264), Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012(P.L. 112-141)and the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act. 1.5 SUMMARY OF PLAN CONTENTS The contents of this Plan are designed and organized to be as reader-friendly and functional as possible. While significant background information is included on the processes used and studies completed (i.e., risk assessment, capability assessment), this information is separated from the more meaningful planning outcomes or actions(i.e., mitigation strategy, mitigation action plan). Section 2, Planning Process, provides a complete narrative description of the process used to prepare the Plan. This includes the identification of participants on the planning team and describes how the public and other stakeholders were involved. It also includes a detailed summary for each of the key meetings held,along with any associated outcomes. The Community Profile, located in Section 3, provides a general overview of Augusta-Richmond County, including prevalent geographic, demographic, and economic characteristics. In addition, building characteristics and land use patterns are discussed.This baseline information provides a snapshot of the planning area and helps local officials recognize those social, environmental, and economic factors that ultimately play a role in determining the county's vulnerability to hazards. The Risk Assessment is presented in three sections: Section 4, Hazard Identification; Section 5, Hazard Profiles; and Section 6, Vulnerability Assessment. Together, these sections serve to identify, analyze, and assess hazards that pose a threat to Augusta-Richmond County. The risk assessment also attempts to define any hazard risks that may uniquely or exclusively affect specific areas of Augusta-Richmond County. The Risk Assessment begins by identifying hazards that threaten Augusta-Richmond County. Next, detailed profiles are established for each hazard, building on available historical data from past hazard occurrences,spatial extent, and probability of future occurrence.This section culminates in a hazard risk ranking based on conclusions regarding the frequency of occurrence, spatial extent, and potential impact highlighted in each of the hazard profiles. In the vulnerability assessment, FEMA's Hazus®" loss estimation methodology is used in conjunction with GIS analysis to evaluate known hazard risks by their relative long-term cost in expected damages. In essence, the information generated through the risk assessment serves a critical function as the participating jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County seek Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 1:4 February 2017 SECTION 1:INTRODUCTION to determine the most appropriate mitigation actions to pursue and implement—enabling them to prioritize and focus their efforts on those hazards of greatest concern and those structures or planning areas facing the greatest risk(s). The Capability Assessment, found in Section 7, provides a comprehensive examination of Augusta- Richmond County's capacity to implement meaningful mitigation strategies and identifies opportunities to increase and enhance that capacity. Specific capabilities addressed in this section include planning and regulatory capability, staff and organizational (administrative) capability, technical capability, fiscal capability, and political capability. Information was obtained through the use of a detailed survey questionnaire and an inventory and analysis of existing plans, ordinances, and relevant documents. The purpose of this assessment is to identify any existing gaps, weaknesses, or conflicts in programs or activities that may hinder mitigation efforts and to identify those activities that should be built upon in establishing a successful and sustainable local hazard mitigation program. The Risk Assessment, and Capability Assessment collectively serve as a basis for determining the goals for the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan, each contributing to the development, adoption, and implementation of a meaningful and manageable Mitigation Strategy that is based on accurate background information. The Mitigation Strategy, found in Section 8, consists of broad goal statements as well as an analysis of hazard mitigation techniques for the jurisdictions participating in the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan to consider in reducing hazard vulnerabilities.The strategy provides the foundation for a detailed Mitigation Action Plan, found in Section 9, which links specific mitigation actions for each jurisdiction to locally-assigned implementation mechanisms and target completion dates. Together, these sections are designed to make the Plan both strategic, through the identification of long-term goals, and functional, through the identification of immediate and short-term actions that will guide day-to-day decision-making and project implementation. In addition to the identification and prioritization of possible mitigation projects, emphasis is placed on the use of program and policy alternatives to help make Augusta-Richmond County less vulnerable to the damaging forces of hazards while improving the economic, social, and environmental health of the community. The concept of multi-objective planning was emphasized throughout the planning process, particularly in identifying ways to link, where possible, hazard mitigation policies and programs with complimentary community goals related to disaster recovery, housing, economic development, recreational opportunities,transportation improvements,environmental quality, land development, and public health and safety. Plan Maintenance,found in Section 10, includes the measures that the jurisdictions participating in the plan will take to ensure the Plan's continuous long-term implementation. The procedures also include the manner in which the Plan will be regularly evaluated and updated to remain a current and meaningful planning document. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 1:5 February 2017 SECTION PLANNING PROCESS This section describes the planning process undertaken to develop the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan. It consists of the following eight subsections: ❖ 2.1 Overview of Hazard Mitigation Planning ❖ 2.2 History of Hazard Mitigation Planning in Augusta-Richmond County ❖ 2.3 Preparing the 2017 Plan ❖ 2.4 The Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team ❖ 2.5 Community Meetings and Workshops ❖ 2.6 Involving the Public ❖ 2.7 Involving the Stakeholders ❖ 2.8 Documentation of Plan Progress 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(1):The plan shall include documentation of the planning process used to develop the plan, including how it was prepared,who was involved in the process and how the public was involved. 2.1 OVERVIEW OF HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING Local hazard mitigation planning is the process of organizing community resources, identifying and assessing hazard risks, and determining how to best minimize or manage those risks. This process culminates in a hazard mitigation plan that identifies specific mitigation actions, each designed to achieve both short-term planning objectives and a long-term community vision. To ensure the functionality of a hazard mitigation plan, responsibility is assigned for each proposed mitigation action to a specific individual, department, or agency along with a schedule or target completion date for its implementation (see Section 10: Plan Maintenance). Plan maintenance procedures are established for the routine monitoring of implementation progress, as well as the evaluation and enhancement of the mitigation plan itself. These plan maintenance procedures ensure that the Plan remains a current, dynamic, and effective planning document over time that becomes integrated into the routine local decision making process. Communities that participate in hazard mitigation planning have the potential to accomplish many benefits, including: ❖ saving lives and property, ❖ saving money, ❖ speeding recovery following disasters, ❖ reducing future vulnerability through wise development and post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:1 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS ❖ expediting the receipt of pre-disaster and post-disaster grant funding,and ❖ demonstrating a firm commitment to improving community health and safety. Typically, communities that participate in mitigation planning are described as having the potential to produce long-term and recurring benefits by breaking the repetitive cycle of disaster loss. A core assumption of hazard mitigation is that the investments made before a hazard event will significantly reduce the demand for post-disaster assistance by lessening the need for emergency response, repair, recovery, and reconstruction. Furthermore, mitigation practices will enable local residents, businesses, and industries to re-establish themselves in the wake of a disaster, getting the community economy back on track sooner and with less interruption. The benefits of mitigation planning go beyond solely reducing hazard vulnerability. Mitigation measures such as the acquisition or regulation of land in known hazard areas can help achieve multiple community goals, such as preserving open space, maintaining environmental health, and enhancing recreational opportunities. Thus, it is vitally important that any local mitigation planning process be integrated with other concurrent local planning efforts, and any proposed mitigation strategies must take into account other existing community goals or initiatives that will help complement or hinder their future implementation. 2.2 HISTORY OF HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING IN AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY Each of the three participating jurisdictions has a previously adopted hazard mitigation plan. The FEMA approval dates for this plan is listed below: ❖ Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blyth and Hephzibah Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan(6/28/2012) ❖ City of Blyth ❖ City of Hephzibah The plan was developed using the multi-jurisdictional planning process recommended by the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA). 2.3 PREPARING THE 2017 PLAN Hazard mitigation plans, are required to be updated every five years to remain eligible for federal mitigation funding. To simplify planning efforts, the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County decided to join together to create the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan. This allows resources to be shared amongst the participating jurisdictions and eases the administrative duties of all of the participants. To prepare the Plan, a team led by the consulting firm called Atkins was hired to provide professional mitigation planning services. To meet additional planning requirements of the Community Rating System (CRS), the county ensured that the planning process was facilitated under the direction of a professional planner. Ryan Wiedenman from Atkins served as the lead planner for this project and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP). Further,CRS planning requirements from Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:2 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS section 510 of the 2013 Coordinator's Manual are addressed throughout this plan.The intent is to try to maximize the number of CRS points for those jurisdictions that may wish to join the CRS Program in the future. Per the contractual scope of work, the consultant team followed the mitigation planning process recommended by FEMA (Publication Series 386 and Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide) and recommendations provided by Georgia Emergency Management Agency (GEMA) mitigation planning staff.' The Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool, found in Appendix C, provides a detailed summary of FEMA's current minimum standards of acceptability for compliance with DMA 2000 and notes the location where each requirement is met within this Plan. These standards are based upon FEMA's Final Rule as published in the Federal Register in Part 201 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The Planning Team used FEMA's Local Mitigation Plan Review Guide (October 2011) for reference as they completed the Plan. Additionally, the Planning Team determined that it was important to include and analyze technological and man-made hazards in the plan to provide a more comprehensive approach to hazard management within the county. Although this is not a requirement as per regulations regarding hazard mitigation planning at the state or federal level, it is a noteworthy step in the direction of an all-hazards approach to risk analysis and management. Key elements from the previously approved plan are referenced throughout the document(e.g.,existing actions) and required a discussion of changes made. For example, all of the risk assessment elements needed to be updated to include most recent information. It was also necessary to review the goals for the county. The Capability Assessment section includes updated information for all of the participating jurisdictions and the Mitigation Action Plan provides implementation status updates for all of the actions identified in the previous plans. The process used to prepare this Plan included twelve major steps that were completed over the course of approximately eleven months beginning in June 2016. Each of these planning steps (illustrated in Figure 2.1) resulted in critical work products and outcomes that collectively make up the Plan. Specific plan sections are further described in Section 1: Introduction. Over the past five years, each participating jurisdiction has been actively working to implement the existing plan. This is documented in the Mitigation Action Plan through the implementation status updates for each of the Mitigation Actions. The Capability Assessment also documents changes and improvements in the capabilities of each participating jurisdiction to implement the Mitigation Strategy. A copy of the negotiated contractual scope of work between Augusta-Richmond County and Atkins is available through Augusta-Richmond County upon request. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:3 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS FIGURE 2.1: MITIGATION PLANNING PROCESS FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Kickoff Meeting Risk Implementation Assessment Adoption, Capability Approval Assessment Final Plan Mitigation Presentation HAZARD MITIGATION Strategy PLANNING PROCESS Workshop Documentation Mitigation Strategy /Plan Maintenance D aft Local Site Procedures Meeting Plan Document Preparation Review •Execution As is further detailed below, the planning process was conducted through Hazard Mitigation Planning Team meetings comprised primarily of local government staff from each of the participating jurisdictions and advisory stakeholders. 2.4 THE AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM In order to guide the development of this Plan, Augusta-Richmond County and its jurisdictions created the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (Hazard Mitigation Planning Team or Planning Team). The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team represents a community-based planning team made up of representatives from various county and municipal departments and other key stakeholders identified to serve as critical partners in the planning process. Beginning in June 2016, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team members engaged in regular discussions as well as local meetings and planning workshops to discuss and complete tasks associated with preparing the Plan. This working group coordinated on all aspects of plan preparation and provided valuable input to the process. In addition to regular meetings, committee members routinely communicated and were kept informed through an e-mail distribution list. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:4 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS Specifically,the tasks assigned to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team members included: ❖ participate in Hazard Mitigation Planning Team meetings and workshops ❖ provide best available data as required for the risk assessment portion of the Plan ❖ provide information that will help complete the Capability Assessment section of the plan and provide copies of any mitigation or hazard-related documents for review and incorporation into the Plan ❖ support the development of the Mitigation Strategy, including the design and adoption of countywide goal statements ❖ help design and propose appropriate mitigation actions for their department/agency for incorporation into the Mitigation Action Plan ❖ review and provide timely comments on all study findings and draft plan deliverables ❖ support the adoption of the 2017 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 2.1 lists the members of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team who were responsible for participating in the development of the Plan. Committee members are listed in alphabetical order by last name. TABLE 2.1: MEMBERS OF THE AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING TEAM NAME POSITION DEPARTMENT/AGENCY Jonathan Adriano District Program Manager East Central Health District Martha R.Allen City Clerk City of Hephzibah Sharon W. Bennett Emergency Management Augusta Emergency Management Specialist Agency Johnnie Boyd Captain Paine College Sharon Broady Director Augusta Animal Services John Caran Fire Marshal Augusta Fire Department Loriann Chancey City Clerk City of Blythe Jasper Cooke Director CEPAR Augusta University Sheila Fain Facility Management Coordinator Electrolux Larry Felix,Jr. Chief Ranger Georgia Forestry Jerry Germann -- CERT Team 17 Dee Griffin Public Information Officer/Fire Augusta Fire Department Safety Educator Gerald Hillman Operation Manager Richmond County Mosquito Control Michael Hogue Director,Emergency Department Trinity Hospital Christopher E.James Fire Chief, Emergency Augusta Fire Department/ Management Agency Director Emergency Management Agency Carrie Jones Events Manager Golden Harvest Food Bank Sterling Jones Interim Dept. Director Augusta 911 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:5 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS NAME POSITION DEPARTMENT/AGENCY Mie Lucas Disaster Preparedness Augusta Emergency Management Coordinator Agency Rev. Nellie Pearl Merriweather CERT Shelby Meyers Hazard Mitigation Planner Georgia Emergency Management and Homeland Security Agency John Miller Disaster Program Manager Red Cross Pamela Nestor -- CERT Vincent Pacchiana Emergency Manager Fort Gordon Georgia Emergency Management Laura Radford Hazard Mitigation Planner and Homeland Security Agency Paul Reyes -- CERT Team 2 Jennifer Sosebee Assistant Director, Plant Ops/ Trinity Hospital Safety Office Gail Simpkins -- CERT Steven Strickland Major, Field Ops Richmond County Sheriff's Office Byron W.Taylor Deputy Chief Augusta Fire Department Terri L.Turner Development Services Augusta Planning and Development Administrator Georgia Department of Rodney Way Area Engineer Transportation Tom Wiedmeier Director Augusta Utilities Dennis Williams Commissioner Augusta-Richmond County Commission District 2 Randy Wishard Environmental Health Director Environmental Health, Richmond County Health Department 2.4.1 Multi-Jurisdictional Participation The Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan includes Richmond County and its three incorporated municipalities. The City of Augusta operates in conjunction with Richmond County as part of a consolidated government and thus,these communities are treated as a single entity in this plan as there are no unincorporated areas within the county. To satisfy multi-jurisdictional participation requirements,the participating jurisdictions were required to perform the following tasks: ❖ Participate in mitigation planning workshops; ❖ Identify completed mitigation projects, if applicable; and ❖ Develop and adopt(or update)their local Mitigation Action Plan. Each jurisdiction participated in the planning process and has developed a local Mitigation Action Plan unique to their jurisdiction. Each jurisdiction will adopt the plan which includes the individual Mitigation Action Plan that provides the means for jurisdictions to monitor and update their Plan on a regular basis. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:6 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS 2.5 COMMUNITY MEETINGS AND WORKSHOPS The preparation of this Plan required a series of meetings and workshops for facilitating discussion, gaining consensus, and initiating data collection efforts with local government staff, community officials, and other identified stakeholders. More importantly,the meetings and workshops prompted continuous input and feedback from relevant participants throughout the drafting stages of the Plan.The following is a summary of the key meetings and community workshops held during the development of the plan update.' In many cases, routine discussions and additional meetings were held by local staff to accomplish planning tasks specific to their department or agency, such as the approval of specific mitigation actions for their department or agency to undertake and include in the Mitigation Action Plan. August 5,2016 Kick-off Meeting Augusta Commission Chambers Chief Christopher James, Fire Chief for the City of Augusta-Richmond County, opened the meeting by introducing himself and the consultant, Atkins. He outlined the process for developing and updating a hazard mitigation plan. He stated that the County could potentially receive funding for having a completed hazard mitigation plan. Margaret Walton, Project Manager from the project consultant Atkins, led the meeting and began by providing an overview of the agenda items and briefly reviewed each of the handouts that were distributed in the meeting packets(agenda and presentation slides).She then asked each of the meeting attendees to introduce themselves. Following introductions, she provided a brief overview of the meeting agenda and the stages of the mitigation planning process that would be addressed through this plan. Ms. Walton emphasized that mitigation refers to actions (projects, policies, plans) to reduce the impacts of future hazard events. The hazard mitigation planning process looks at hazards, capability to conduct mitigation, and specific activities to reduce impacts of hazards. She explained how Federal legislation requires local governments to have a hazard mitigation plan in place to remain eligible for federal mitigation grants such as the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, and Flood Mitigation Assistance Program so there is funding to implement some of the actions that this plan may identify. Ms. Walton then laid out all of the mitigation techniques/categories that mitigation actions fall into. She walked through the PowerPoint presentation to outline various examples of each technique and began a discussion of projects that the County and participating jurisdictions might pursue. Following this discussion, Ms.Walton led an icebreaker exercise. She provided instructions to attendees on how to complete the exercise.Attendees were given an equal amount of fictitious FEMA money ($20 each) and asked to spend it in the various mitigation categories. Money could be thought of as grant money that communities received towards mitigation or areas that they feel are more of a priority. Given the windfall of financial resources, attendees target their money towards areas of mitigation that are of greatest concern. Ideally, the exercise helps pinpoint areas of mitigation that the community may want to focus on when developing mitigation grants. Ms. Walton 2 Copies of agendas,sign-in sheets,and minutes for all meetings and workshops can be found in Appendix D. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:7 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS explained that the results would be presented at the next Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee meeting. The results were: ❖ Public Education and Awareness-97 ❖ Prevention-82 ❖ Property Protection-77 ❖ Emergency Services-72 ❖ Structural Projects-47 ❖ Natural Resource Protection-40 Ms. Walton shared the objectives of the plan to include updating the document for Augusta-Richmond County, maintaining funding eligibility for the City/County and its two municipalities, initiate the Community Rating System (CRS) for the jurisdictions, potential projects identification, public education and awareness, and State and Federal compliance. Then she spent some time explaining the CRS program and the benefits of it for a community as well as the ways to capitalize on points to gain a better class for the community thereby reducing flood insurance premiums for citizens. Ms. Walton outlined the municipalities' roles in the processes and what would be needed to assist in developing the plan. The cycle of the project tasks was also shared and each phase was described to include the planning process and risk assessment. Ms. Walton explained that in the risk assessment portion of the plan development that FEMA requires that plans address natural hazards, but an all-hazards approach is becoming more prevalent. She shared the previous hazards that were identified in the plan and asked the group to possibly decide if there were additional hazards they would like to add to the list. Additional hazards that were suggested were cyberterrorism, utility failure, infectious disease, climate adaptation, and solar EMP. Some manmade/technological hazards were included in the previous hazard identification, but the vulnerability assessment focuses more on the natural hazards since more mitigation funding is available for natural hazards. Capability Assessment Ms. Walton explained the community capability assessment and discussed how capability is divided primarily into 3 categories: ❖ Administrative ❖ Technical ••• Fiscal Mitigation Strategy Ms. Walton discussed mitigation strategy and how it is developed.She stated that mitigation goals come from the existing plan and maybe adjusted and objectives may be added if the City/County desires to do that. The current mitigation actions will be updated as well with their status. However, all of the jurisdictions will need to develop new actions as well based on the risk assessment. She continued the presentation by discussing the necessary documentation for the planning process, the rapid project schedule,and the project team. Public Involvement Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:8 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS Ms. Walton explained how public comment and participation is a required part of this process. A public survey was developed that the City/County will be placing on their website. The link will be shared electronically following the meeting and local academic institutions were asked to disseminate the survey as well. Next, Ms. Walton discussed the roles and responsibilities of all the parties involved as well as the expectations on the level of involvement. The Atkins team will provide technical assistance, data collection, facilitation, and plan preparation. The City/County and jurisdictions were asked to be active participants by assisting with data collection, public awareness, hosting committee meetings, mitigation strategy, plan feedback,and plan adoption. The next steps are to initiate data collection with the risk assessment and capability assessment. The floor was opened for questions and comments. Ms. Walton then adjourned the meeting. November 4,2016 Y Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategy Meeting ilk Augusta Commission Chambers 411. 41 • Chief Christopher James introduced himself and - the project team from Atkins. He explained that this is a large part of our planning effort and appreciated everyone coming. Chief James then turned the meeting over to Ms. Walton, the project manager for Atkins.She asked who in the audience did not attend the previous meeting and asked them to introduce themselves. Individuals were from Emergency Management, Trinity Hospital, Electrolux, Augusta University, Augusta Utilities, Animal Services, Fire, City of Hephzibah, and Public Health. She mentioned that the meeting and presentation were informal and could be interrupted for any questions. Ms. Walton emphasized the importance of the potential funding for the participating jurisdictions and entities. Ryan Wiedenman led the next portion of the meeting regarding the risk assessment. He explained that the planning team worked together to build a list of potential hazards. Mr. Wiedenman with Atkins then presented the findings of the risk assessment. He stated that the risk assessment is the base of the mitigation plan and that we now have better data to update the hazard history. Mr. Wiedenman identified the three pieces of the risk assessment and the caveats for the risk assessment. He reviewed the Presidential Disaster Declarations that have impacted the region. He then explained the process for preparing Hazard Profiles and discussed how each hazard falls into one of four basic categories: Atmospheric, Hydrologic, Geologic, and Other. He indicated that each hazard must be evaluated and formally ruled out if it is not applicable to the study area, even where it seems obvious (such as in the case of landslide). Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:9 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS Mr. Wiedenman reviewed the Hazard Profiles and the following bullets summarize the information presented: ❖ CLIMATE CHANGE. It has been measured to some degree but not near as significantly as future occurrences. Future occurrences are likely. ❖ DROUGHT. There have been 0 events recorded since 1996 according to NCDC. Future occurrences are highly likely.The previous plan notes 3 severe droughts in 1986, 1998,and 2003. ❖ EARTHQUAKES. There have been 24 recorded earthquake events since 1812. There were 21 in Augusta and 3 in Hephzibah. The strongest had a recorded magnitude of VIII (MMI). Future occurrences are possible. ❖ EXTREME HEAT. There have been 0 recorded events since 1996 at the county level. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❖ FLOOD. There have been 24 flood events since 1996, 23 of them in Augusta and 1 at Ft. Gordon. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❖ HAIL. There have been 72 recorded events since 1955 at the county level; 55 in Augusta, 11 in Hephzibah, and 6 at Ft. Gordon. $30,716 in property damages were reported. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❖ HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS. There have been 74 storm tracks that have come within 75 miles of the region since 1850. Future occurrences are likely. ❖ INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAK. Highly contagious types of infectious diseases have potential to cause major problems in concentrated areas. Future occurrences are possible. ❖ LIGHTNING. There has been 1 recorded lightning event in the region since 2012 resulting in $167,703 in reported property damages. 0 deaths and 3 injuries were reported. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❖ WINTER STORM AND FREEZE.There have been 8 recorded events since 2002. No deaths and 1 injury was reported. Future occurrences are likely. ❖ SOLAR EMP.There have been no major events recorded. Future occurrences are likely. ❖ TORNADOES. There have been 10 recorded tornado events reported since 1954. No deaths and 1 injury was reported. Future occurrences are likely. ❖ THUNDERSTORM / HIGH WINDS. There have been 182 thunderstorm events reported since 1955, 156 in Augusta, 12 in Hephzibah, and 9 at Ft. Gordon. 1 death and 36 injuries were reported. The County 4 million dollars reported in property damages. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❖ WILDFIRE. The average is 38 fires annually. The annual average is 129 acres annually. Future occurrences are likely. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:10 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS ❖ CHEMICAL HAZARD. 339 reported events since 1971. 21 were reported as serious incidents as well as 27 injuries. Future occurrences are highly likely.$771,913 has been reported in property damage. ❖ CYBER TERRORISM. No previous cyber-attacks have occurred. Future occurrences are possible. ❖ DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE. No recorded events in the County. Future occurrences are unlikely. ❖ NUCLEAR PLANT INCIDENT. No major incidents have been reported. Future occurrences are unlikely. ❖ TERRORISM. No major events have occurred in the County. Future events are possible. ❖ UTILITY FAILURE (Power/Water). No events have been recorded. Ice storms or strong wind events are typically the cause. Future occurrences are possible. During the hazard profile portion, specifics on each hazard were discussed. The initial hazard of discussion was climate change and it was suggested that it is a mix of drought and flooding. There was also some discussion on the number of repetitive loss properties. The group also requested that hail, tornado, and thunderstorm be examined separately. The Director of Public Health also shared that he had more updated infectious disease statistics that can be included. The committee suggested that more winter storm was available as well. Mr. Wiedenman stated that he tries to look at all of the hazards objectively. The results of the hazard identification process were used to generate a Priority Risk Index (PRI), which categorizes and prioritizes potential hazards as high, moderate or low risk based on probability, impact, spatial extent, warning time, and duration. The highest PRI was assigned to Flood, Climate Change, Chemical Hazard, Drought, Extreme Heat, and Hurricane/Tropical Storm. It was decided that Hurricane/Tropical Storm and Severe Winter Storm should both be moved to moderate based on justification from the group. The discussion continued with the area experiences more windstorms to straight line winds over hurricane and this provide the rationale to lower the severity of Hurricane/Tropical Storm. Another topic of discussion was the idea of separating chemical hazards into fixed site incidents and transportation incidents and placing both of them in the high range. It was also suggested that climate change could be viewed as the effect from other hazards instead of a separate risk. Ms. Walton then began the overview of the capability assessment. She stated the mechanism for how the capabilities are measured to include planning and regulatory capability, administrative and technical capability,fiscal capability,and political capability. Capability indicators included: ❖ National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Participation ❖ Community Rating System (CRS) Participation ❖ Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule(BCEGS) ❖ Local Capability Assessment Survey • Inventory and evaluation of existing plans, policies, programs and ordinances • Measures administrative,technical,fiscal and political capability Ms. Walton stated that the current capabilities overall vary based on the size of the jurisdiction but that initiating the CRS program would provide a significant benefit to the community. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:11 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS Next, Ms. Walton gave an overview of the public participation survey. She highlighted how the survey was disseminated and that 409 completed surveys were received. The highlights included that 90% of respondents are interested in making the community more resistant to hazards;43% have already taken action to make their residences/homes/neighborhoods more hazard resistant; and 47% do not know who to contact regarding risk reduction. The variety of responses for each question were shared. The overarching summary shared that the highest importance was placed on emergency services, prevention,and public education and awareness. The next portion of the meeting was focused on the mitigation strategy. Ms. Walton explained that the mitigation strategy stems from the findings of the risk assessment and public survey along with the capability assessment that will be completed and that the main purpose is to develop an action plan which is the most important part of the plan. Additional handouts of the mitigation action worksheet and potential mitigation goals were distributed. It was shared that the general idea of protecting life, health, and the safety of all citizens should be the focus. Information on exactly how to update the existing was detailed and examples were given. The steps to developing new mitigation actions were outlined as well and examples were given that might pertain to Augusta-Richmond County. Ms. Walton also reminded the group about the repetitive loss properties in the area as a reminder that actions for mitigating flooding should be included. She also connected back to the capability assessment to encourage actions related to areas of weakness for the City-County. Lastly, Ms. Walton stated that she would send the mitigation strategy documents out electronically and that she needed all feedback by December 2. Finally, the next steps of completing the mitigation strategy, drafting the plan, and submitting it were shared. She stated that she would be available to assist with mitigation action development and then asked if there were any questions. She then thanked the Committee for taking the time to attend and the meeting was adjourned. 2.6 INVOLVING THE PUBLIC 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(b)(1):The planning process shall include an opportunity for the public to comment on the plan during the drafting stage and prior to plan approval. An important component of the mitigation planning process involved public participation. Individual citizen and community-based input provides the entire planning team with a greater understanding of local concerns and increases the likelihood of successfully implementing mitigation actions by developing community "buy-in" from those directly affected by the decisions of public officials. As citizens become more involved in decisions that affect their safety,they are more likely to gain a greater appreciation of the hazards present in their community and take the steps necessary to reduce their impact. Public awareness is a key component of any community's overall mitigation strategy aimed at making a home, neighborhood, school, business or entire city safer from the potential effects of hazards. Public involvement in the development of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan was sought using three methods: (1) public meetings were held and were advertised in local media; (2) public survey instruments were made available in hard copy and online; and (3) the draft Plan deliverables were made available on the City website along with contact information for providing input. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:12 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS The general public was provided three opportunities to be involved in the development of the county plan: (1) twice during the drafting stage of the Plan; and (2) upon completion of a final draft Plan, but prior to official Plan approval and adoption. During the drafting stage, open public meetings were held on August 5, 2016 and November 4, 2016. A final public meeting was held at the end of the planning process on XXX. Additional information on these meetings can be found in Appendix D. In addition, a public participation survey (discussed in greater detail in Section 2.6.1) was made available during the planning process at various locations throughout the county and on the City website. A final open public meeting was held on XXXXX at XXXXX. The meeting, specifically held to discuss the hazard mitigation plan, was held more than two weeks prior to most plan adoption dates and was advertised by the participating jurisdictions on community websites and through community newsletters and ebulletins.The purpose of the meeting was to present the final plan and its findings and recommendations and so that the public could ask questions and submit any final comments for review, consideration, and potential modification of the plan. No additional public comments for the plan were provided at this meeting.The meeting agenda and sign-in sheet are included in Appendix D. 2.6.1 Public Survey The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team was successful in getting citizens to provide input to the mitigation planning process through the use of the Public Participation Survey. The Public Participation Survey was designed to capture data and information from residents of Augusta-Richmond County that might not be able to attend public meetings or participate through other means in the mitigation planning process. Copies of the Public Participation Survey were distributed to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team to be made available for residents to complete at local public offices. A link to an electronic version of the survey was also posted on the City website. A total of 409 survey responses were received, which provided valuable input for the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team to consider in the development of the plan update.Selected survey results are presented below. ❖ Approximately 49 percent of survey respondents had been impacted by a disaster, mainly winter/ice storms, tornadoes, hurricanes/tropical storms, floods, and severe storms/high wind. ❖ Respondents ranked Severe Winter Storm as the highest threat to their neighborhood (50 percent), followed by Nuclear Plant Incident (40 percent), Tornado (35 percent), Chemical Hazard (32 percent),and Extreme Heat(32 percent). ❖ Approximately 43 percent of respondents have taken actions to make their homes more resistant to hazards and 90 percent are interested in making their homes more resistant to hazards. ❖ 47 percent of respondents do not know what office to contact regarding reducing their risks to hazards. ❖ Emergency Services, Prevention, and Public Education and Awareness were ranked as the most important activities for communities to pursue in reducing risks. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:13 February 2017 SECTION 2:PLANNING PROCESS A copy of the survey is provided in Appendix B and a detailed summary of the survey results are provided in Appendix D. 2.7 INVOLVING THE STAKEHOLDERS 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(6)(2):The planning process shall include an opportunity for neighboring communities,local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities,and agencies that have the authority to regulate development,as well as businesses,academia and other non-profit interests to be involved in the planning process. At the beginning of the planning process for the development of this plan, the project consultant worked with the City Emergency Management Coordinator to initiate outreach to stakeholders to be involved in the planning process. The project consultant sent out a list of recommended stakeholders provided from FEMA Publication 386-1 titled Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation Planning. The list of recommended stakeholders is found in Appendix C of that publication (Worksheet #1: Build the Planning Team) and has been included in Appendix B of this plan to demonstrate the wide range of stakeholders that were considered to participate in the development of this plan. The City Emergency Management Coordinator used that list for reference as they invited stakeholders to participate in the planning process. In addition to the efforts described above,the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team encouraged more open and widespread participation in the mitigation planning process by designing and distributing the Public Participation Survey. These opportunities were provided for local officials, residents, businesses, academia, and other private interests in the county to be involved and offer input throughout the local mitigation planning process. 2.8 DOCUMENTATION OF PLAN PROGRESS Progress in hazard mitigation planning for the participating jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County is documented in this plan update. Since hazard mitigation planning efforts officially began in the participating counties with the development of the initial Hazard Mitigation Plans in the late 1990s and early 2000s, many mitigation actions have been completed and implemented in the participating jurisdictions. These actions will help reduce the overall risk to natural hazards for the people and property in Augusta-Richmond County. The actions that have been completed are documented in the Mitigation Action Plan found in Section 9. In addition, community capability continues to improve with the implementation of new plans, policies, and programs that help to promote hazard mitigation at the local level. The current state of local capabilities for the participating jurisdictions is captured in Section 7: Capability Assessment. The participating jurisdictions continue to demonstrate their commitment to hazard mitigation and hazard mitigation planning and have proven this by developing the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team to update the Plan and by continuing to involve the public in the hazard mitigation planning process. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 2:14 February 2017 3 SECTION COMMUNITY PROFILE This section of the Plan provides a general overview of Augusta-Richmond County and its participating municipalities. It consists of the following four subsections: ❖ 3.1 Geography and the Environment ❖ 3.2 Population and Demographics ❖ 3.3 Housing, Infrastructure,and Land Use ❖ 3.4 Employment and Industry 3.1 GEOGRAPHY AND THE ENVIRONMENT Augusta-Richmond County is located in the east central section of Georgia,approximately 150 miles east of Atlanta on Interstate 20. In 1996, the City of Augusta consolidated with Richmond County to form Augusta-Richmond County.The cities of Blyth and Hephzibah are separate municipalities charted by the State of Georgia which are also included in this plan. Additionally, Fort Gordon occupies a large section of the southwest part of the county and,although it is not an incorporated municipality, it is treated as a separate entity for the purposes of this plan. An orientation map is provided as Figure 3.1. Augusta-Richmond County is situated in three major land resources areas: the Southern Piedmont, the Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills, and the Southern Coastal Plain. The Southern Piedmont covers the extreme northern part of the county and consists of broad to narrow ridgetops and long irregular hillsides bisected by numerous small winding drainageways. The Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills are located in the northern and western parts of the county and separate the Southern Piedmont from the Southern Coastal Plain. The Southern Coastal Plain covers the southern and southeastern parts of the county and is characterized by broad ridgetops and hillsides extending to drainageways. Nearly level floodplains of the Savannah River are located in the eastern and northern parts of the county and on the narrower basins of its tributaries. Elevations range between 100 and 140 feet along the Savannah River and 500 feet or more on high ridges on Fort Gordon. More than half of the total land area has a slope of less than 5 percent,and more than 85 percent of the land has less than 10 percent slope. Less than 2 percent of the land area has slop greater than 15 percent.The steepest slopes are found along Butler, Spirit, and Little Spirit Creeks. The majority of areas with steep slopes are either within floodplains,which are regulated by local ordinance, or are located on Fort Gordon. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:1 February 2017 SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE FIGURE 3.1: AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY ORIENTATION MAP Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Community /\/US Roads Augusta "/State Roads 0 0 2 4 8 it Blythe Interstate /V Fort Gordon Hephzibah 4 .. s E tII `FIS (11 0 tom, �4 The total land area of each of the participating jurisdictions is presented in Table 3.1. TABLE 3.1:TOTAL LAND AREAS OF PARTICIPATING JURISDICTIONS Jurisdiction Total Land Area Augusta-Richmond County 229.39 square miles Blythe 2.56 square miles Fort Gordon 69.43 square miles Hephzibah 19.51 square miles Source: Augusta GIS Augusta-Richmond County has a humid subtropical climate. It experiences mild winters and a humid summer. The average high temperature for the summer months is 90.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Summer daytime temperatures can soar to 100 degrees Fahrenheit or above. The average low temperature is 67.8 degrees Fahrenheit. The average high temperature for the winter months is 58.9 degrees Fahrenheit;the average low temperature is 34.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:2 February 2017 SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE Snowfall is not nearly as common as in Atlanta, due largely to Augusta's elevation, with down Augusta being about 900 feet lower than downtown Atlanta. Still, snow flurries are typically seen annually. Freezing rain is also a threat in wintertime. Augusta-Richmond County has a relatively mild climate characterized by long hot summers and short cool winters. Prevailing winds are from the southeast and southwest, bringing in moist tropical air from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. In summer, the average temperature is 79 degrees Fahrenheit, and the average daily high exceeds 90 degrees Fahrenheit in June, July, and August. In winter,the average temperature is 47 degrees Fahrenheit, and the average daily minimum temperature is 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Total annual precipitation is 46 inches, with 23 inches falling in April through September. Annual precipitation amounts have been below normal for the last 50 years. The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is about 50 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 90 percent. 3.2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS Between 2000 and 2010, the county experienced minimal population growth. However, Fort Gordon had a higher rate of growth compared to the rest of the county. Population counts from the U.S. Census Bureau for 1990, 2000,and 2010 for each of the participating jurisdictions are presented in Table 3.2. TABLE 3.2: POPULATION COUNTS FOR PARTICIPATING JURISDICTIONS 1990 Census 2000 Census 2010 Census %Change Jurisdiction Population Population Population 2000-2010 Richmond County 189,719 199,775 200,549 0.4% Augusta-Richmond County(balance)* 177,816 187,428 186,852 -0.3% Blythet 300 718 721 0.4% Fort Gordon CCD* 9,140 7,754 8,992 16.0% Hephzibah 2,466 3,880 4,011 3.4% *1990 Census data for unincorporated Richmond County excluding Fort Gordon (133,177) and the City of Augusta (44,639) were combined to provide a better comparison with 2000 and 2010 data after the city and county were consolidated. tThe population counts for the City of Blythe include population residing in neighboring Burke County(3 in 1990,5 in 2000,and 27 in 2010).Note:these populations are not included in the Richmond County total. #A Census County Division (CCD) is a subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area. The population counts for Fort Gordon CCD were subtracted from the Augusta-Richmond County balance counts(195,182 in 2000 and 195,844 in 2010)to prevent duplication. Source: United States Census Bureau,1990,2000,and 2010 Census Based on the 2010 Census,the median age of residents in Augusta-Richmond County is 33.2. The racial characteristics of the participating jurisdictions are presented in Table 3.3. Generally, African Americans make up the majority of the population in the county accounting for over 54 percent of the population overall. However, the cities of Blythe and Hephzibah as well as Fort Gordon have majority populations that are Caucasian. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:3 February 2017 SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE TABLE 3.3: DEMOGRAPHICS OF PARTICIPATING JURISDICTIONS Native American Persons Black or Hawaiian Two or Indian or Other of White, African Asian, or Other More Alaska Race, Hispanic Jurisdiction Percent American, Native, Percent Pacific Percent Races, Origin, (2010) Percent (2010) Islander, percent (2010) Percent Percent (2010) (2010 Percent (2010) (2010) ) (2010)* Richmond County 39.7% 54.2% 0.3% 1.7% 0.2% 1.3% 2.6% 4.1% Augusta-Richmond County(balance) 38.1% 56.1% 0.3% 1.6% 0.2% 1.2% 2.4% 3.6% Blythe 81.1% 14.0% 0.4% 0.6% 0.0% 1.1% 2.8% 4.3% Fort Gordon CCD# 59.7% 26.9% 0.7% 2.6% 0.6% 3.5% 5.9% 14.1% Hephzibah 62.1% 33.7% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.6% 2.9% 3.1% *Hispanics may be of any race,so also are included in applicable race categories to Census County Division (CCD) is a subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area.The demographic counts for Fort Gordon CCD were removed from the Augusta-Richmond County balance counts to prevent duplication. Source: United States Census Bureau,2010 Census 3.3 HOUSING, INFRASTRUCTURE,AND LAND USE 3.3.1 Housing According to the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 86,331 housing units in Augusta-Richmond County, the majority of which are single family homes. Housing information for each of the participating jurisdictions is presented in Table 3.4.As shown in the table, Augusta-Richmond County has a very low percentage of seasonal housing across the jurisdictions; however,the City of Blythe has a slightly higher rate compared to the rest of the county. TABLE 3.4: HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPATING JURISDICTIONS Jurisdiction Housing Housing Seasonal Units, Median Home Units (2000) Units (2010) Percent (2010) Value (2011-2015) Richmond County 82,312 86,331 0.5% $101,900 Augusta-Richmond County (balance) 79,590 83,265 0.5% $101,900 Blythet 262 305 2.0% $82,900 Fort Gordon CCM 891 1,162 0.0% -- Hephzibah 1,570 1,613 0.5% $117,000 tThe housing unit counts for the City of Blythe include units located in neighboring Burke County(1 in 2000 and 14 in 2010). Note:these housing units are not included in the Richmond County total. *A Census County Division(CCD)is a subdivision of a county that is a relatively permanent statistical area.The housing counts for Fort Gordon CCD were subtracted from the Augusta-Richmond County balance counts(80,481 in 2000 and 84,427 in 2010) to prevent duplication. Source:United States Census Bureau,2000 and 2010 Census,2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:4 February 2017 SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE 3.3.2 Infrastructure Transportation Augusta-Richmond County is served by a road network that includes a mix of interstate highways, federal highways, and state routes as well as numerous local roads. The county is well connected to the surrounding areas in Georgia and South Carolina. Interstate 20 runs east to west crossing the northwestern corner of the county and linking Atlanta,Georgia and Columbia,South Carolina. Interstate 510 (known as Bobby Jones Expressway in Georgia and as Palmetto Parkway in South Carolina) is an auxiliary circumferential interstate that begins in the northern part of Augusta-Richmond County, encircles Augusta, and converges with Interstate 20 in North Augusta, South Carolina. U.S. 1 runs north to south through Georgia linking Charlton County in southern Georgia with Augusta-Richmond County and also connecting it with the Sandhills region of South Carolina. U.S. 25 connects Brunswick, Georgia to Augusta-Richmond County before crossing the Savannah River into South Carolina. U.S. 78 connects Haralson County, Georgia with Augusta-Richmond County and continues on to Charleston, South Carolina. U.S. 278 is an east-west highway that connects Augusta-Richmond County with Cedartown, Georgia on the Georgia/Alabama state line and with Hilton Head Island in South Carolina. The Augusta Regional Airport [at Bush Field] serves Augusta-Richmond County. The airport is a city- owned and operated, public use airport. Currently, two primary commercial airlines operate daily services to Atlanta, Georgia and Charlotte, North Carolina. A second smaller airport, Daniel Field, also operates in Augusta-Richmond County. This airport is publicly owned and operated by the General Aviation Commission and it is primarily used by corporate and private clients for business and recreational purposes. Passenger rail service is not available in Augusta-Richmond County at this time. However,freight service is provided by two railroads, Norfolk Southern and CSX Transportation, Inc. Augusta-Richmond County also provides comprehensive public transportation services through Augusta Public Transits. These include the fixed route bus service that operates 9 fixed routes, access to ADA (Para transit)service,and the Richmond Rural Transit service. Utilities Electrical power in Augusta-Richmond County is provided by Georgia Power and Jefferson Energy Cooperative. Georgia Power is a major provider across the state of Georgia. Jefferson Energy Cooperative is an electric cooperative that supplies electric services to 11 counties within Georgia, including a portion of Augusta-Richmond County. Natural gas deregulation in Georgia allows Atlanta Gaslight Company to store and distribute natural gas in its facilities (pipelines, storage facilities, and other supporting services) and marketers to sell this natural gas to consumers.As a result, consumers are able to choose their natural gas supplier and there are a number of certified independent gas suppliers that serve Augusta-Richmond County. The Augusta Utilities Department is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the water and sewerage systems in Augusta-Richmond County. Generally, the service area can be characterized as having complete water service coverage for potential customers who wish to connect to the system. An agreement was signed by Augusta-Richmond County and Fort Gordon to provide water and wastewater services on Fort Gordon for 50 years starting in 2008. The cities of Blythe and Hephzibah provide water Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:5 February 2017 SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE service within their respective jurisdictions. Fort Gordon and the cities of Blythe and Hephzibah have separate sewer systems. Community Facilities There are a number of public buildings and community facilities located throughout Augusta-Richmond County. According to the data collected for the vulnerability assessment (Section 6.4.1), there are 3 emergency management facilities, 24 fire stations, 27 government facilities, 13 law enforcement facilities, 25 medical facilities, 6 private sector facilities, 81 schools, 7 transportation facilities, 12 universities,and 33 utility facilities located within the study area. Augusta-Richmond County has a long history of service in the field of medicine.There are several major medical hospitals in Augusta-Richmond County. These facilities include acute care hospitals, psychiatric facilities, and extended care centers, such as University Hospital, Charlie Norwood Veterans Administration Medical Center, Trinity Hospital of Augusta (formerly St. Joseph Hospital), Walton Rehabilitation Hospital, Doctors Hospital, East Central Regional Hospital at Augusta, Dwight David Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Medical College of Georgia (MCG) and Hospitals, and Select Specialty Hospital. Augusta-Richmond County also offers many cultural amenities including six library branches, multiple museums, a civic center, auditoriums, and performing arts facilities as well as other attractions such as the Riverwalk Augusta, Augusta Botanical Gardens, Springfield Village Park, Augusta Common, Lake Olmstead Stadium, Phinizy Swamp Nature Park,and Augusta Canal National Heritage Area. 3.3.3 Land Use Augusta-Richmond County is characterized by land uses reflecting an older city combined with newer suburbs and semi-rural areas. Land use within the old city limits (prior to consolidation) includes neighborhoods of varying ages, a central business district, concentrations of public/institutional uses commercial uses in shopping centers and on individual sites, and industrial uses on scattered sites. These uses are connected by a series of streets and highways, most of which are laid out on a grid pattern. In many cases, residential, commercial, and industrial uses are in close proximity to one another, reflecting development that occurred prior to enactment of the local zoning ordinance. In contrast, the land that was formerly in unincorporated Richmond County is characterized by a land use pattern more like a community that developed after World War II. Major urban land uses (residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional) are separated from one another. Strip commercial development is prevalent along all of the major arterial highways and consists of shopping centers, office complexes, and businesses on individual sites. Major manufacturing plants are situated in industrial parks or on individual sites in close proximity to highways and railroad lines. At the fringe of the urbanized area, development becomes sparse and gives way to more open space, the occasional farm, residences on larger lots, and woodlands. Local land use and associated regulations are further discussed in Section 7:Capability Assessment. 3.4 EMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY Augusta-Richmond County has a diversified economy. Employment is highest in the service, retail trade, and manufacturing sectors. Manufacturing facilities in the city produce textiles, paper products, chemicals, transportation equipment, and food products. Retail trade establishments are located in the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:6 February 2017 SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE downtown, in shopping centers on major roads, and on individual sites and provide for the daily needs of area residents. Large facilities such as Augusta Mall and Augusta Exchange draw customers from throughout the region. Major employers in the service sector include health care and related facilities, educational institutions, and business service establishments. Nine hospitals are the most visible component of the health care industry. Additional health care jobs are provided at clinics, nursing homes, laboratories, and the offices of doctors, dentists, and other health care practitioners. Major educational institutions providing employment include the Medical College of Georgia, Paine College, Augusta State University, Augusta Technical College,and the Richmond County Board of Education. According to the 2011 to 2015 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates, in 2015, Augusta- Richmond County had an average annual employment of 76,807 workers and an average unemployment rate of 12.0 percent (compared to 9.07 percent for the state). In 2015, the Educational Services, and Health Care and Social Assistance industry employed 25.9 percent of the workforce followed by Retail Trade (13.1%); Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation, and Accommodation and Food Services (11.2%); Professional,Scientific, and Management, and Administrative and Waste Management Services (10.3%); and Manufacturing(9.5%). In 2015,the average annual median household income in Augusta-Richmond County was$37,424 compared to$49,620 in the state of Georgia. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 3:7 February 2017 4 SECTION HAZARD IDENTIFICATION This section describes how the planning team identified the hazards to be included in this plan. It consists of the following five subsections: ❖ 4.1 Overview ❖ 4.2 Description of Full Range of Hazards ❖ 4.3 Disaster Declarations ❖ 4.4 Hazard Evaluation ❖ 4.5 Hazard Identification Results 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(2)(i):The risk assessment shall include a description of the type,location and extent of all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction.The plan shall include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events. 4.1 OVERVIEW Augusta-Richmond County is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human-caused hazards that threaten life and property. Current FEMA regulations and guidance under the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) require, at a minimum, an evaluation of a full range of natural hazards. An evaluation of human-caused hazards (i.e., technological hazards, terrorism, etc.) is encouraged, though not required, for plan approval. Augusta-Richmond County has included an assessment of both types of hazards. Upon a review of the full range of natural hazards suggested under FEMA planning guidance, the participating jurisdictions in the Augusta-Richmond County planning area (Richmond County, City of Augusta, City of Blythe, City of Hephzibah) have identified a number of hazards that are to be addressed in their Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. These hazards were identified through an extensive process that utilized input from Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team members, research of past disaster declarations in the county,' and review of the Georgia State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Readily available information from reputable sources (such as federal and state agencies)was also evaluated to supplement information from these key sources. Table 4.1 lists the full range of hazards initially identified for inclusion in the Plan and provides a brief description for each. This table includes 29 individual hazards. Some of these hazards are considered to be interrelated or cascading, but for preliminary hazard identification purposes these individual hazards are broken out separately. Next,Table 4.2 lists the disaster declarations in Augusta-Richmond County. 1 A complete list of disaster declarations for Augusta-Richmond County can be found below in Section 4.3. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:1 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Next, Table 4.3 documents the evaluation process used for determining which of the initially identified hazards are considered significant enough to warrant further evaluation in the risk assessment. For each hazard considered, the table indicates whether or not the hazard was identified as a significant hazard to be further assessed, how this determination was made, and why this determination was made. The table works to summarize not only those hazards that were identified (and why) but also those that were not identified (and why not). Hazard events not identified for inclusion at this time may be addressed during future evaluations and updates of the risk assessment if deemed necessary by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team during the plan update process. Lastly,Table 4.4 provides a summary of the hazard identification and evaluation process noting that 19 of the 29 initially identified hazards are considered significant enough for further evaluation through this Plan's risk assessment(marked with a"8"). It should also be noted that in addition to the hazards listed below, this plan also considers the impacts of climate change on Augusta-Richmond County. Since climate change will have the greatest effect in terms of how it exacerbates other hazards already identified in this plan, it was not identified as its own hazard in this section of the plan, but its impacts will be discussed further in Sections 5 and 6 of the plan. 4.2 DESCRIPTION OF FULL RANGE OF HAZARDS TABLE 4.1: DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FULL RANGE OF INITIALLY IDENTIFIED HAZARDS Hazard Description NATURAL HAZARDS Avalanche A rapid fall or slide of a large mass of snow down a mountainside. Drought A prolonged period of less than normal precipitation such that the lack of water causes a serious hydrologic imbalance. Common effects of drought include crop failure, water supply shortages, and fish and wildlife mortality. High temperatures, high winds, and low humidity can worsen drought conditions and also make areas more susceptible to wildfire. Human demands and actions have the ability to hasten or mitigate drought-related impacts on local communities. Earthquake A sudden, rapid shaking of the Earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the surface. This movement forces the gradual building and accumulation of energy. Eventually, strain becomes so great that the energy is abruptly released,causing the shaking at the earth's surface which we know as an earthquake. Roughly 90 percent of all earthquakes occur at the boundaries where plates meet,although it is possible for earthquakes to occur entirely within plates. Earthquakes can affect hundreds of thousands of square miles; cause damage to property measured in the tens of billions of dollars; result in loss of life and injury to hundreds of thousands of persons; and disrupt the social and economic functioning of the affected area. Erosion Erosion is the gradual breakdown and movement of land due to both physical and chemical processes of water,wind,and general meteorological conditions. Natural,or geologic,erosion has occurred since the Earth's formation and continues at a very slow and uniform rate each year. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:2 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Expansive Soils Soils that will exhibit some degree of volume change with variations in moisture conditions.The most important properties affecting degree of volume change in a soil are clay mineralogy and the aqueous environment. Expansive soils will exhibit expansion caused by the intake of water and, conversely, will exhibit contraction when moisture is removed by drying.Generally speaking,they often appear sticky when wet, and are characterized by surface cracks when dry. Expansive soils become a problem when structures are built upon them without taking proper design precautions into account with regard to soil type. Cracking in walls and floors can be minor, or can be severe enough for the home to be structurally unsafe. Extreme Cold Extreme cold is generally considered to occur when the temperature is at or below freezing for a period of time.Often these events are associated with winter storms and other winter weather, but extreme cold events can occur on their own. Dangers associated with extreme cold events include frostbite and hypothermia among other impacts to people and these events can often last for several days or weeks in a row. Extreme Heat A heat wave may occur when temperatures hover 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature for the region and last for several weeks. Humid or muggy conditions,which add to the discomfort of high temperatures, occur when a "dome" of high atmospheric pressure traps hazy, damp air near the ground. Excessively dry and hot conditions can provoke dust storms and low visibility. A heat wave combined with a drought can be very dangerous and have severe economic consequences on a community. Flooding The accumulation of water within a water body which results in the overflow of excess water onto adjacent lands, usually floodplains. The floodplain is the land adjoining the channel of a river,stream ocean,lake or other watercourse or water body that is susceptible to flooding. Most floods fall into the following three categories: riverine flooding, coastal flooding, or shallow flooding(where shallow flooding refers to sheet flow, ponding and urban drainage). Hail Any storm that produces hailstones that fall to the ground; usually used when the amount or size of the hail is considered significant. Hail is formed when updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops into parts of the atmosphere where the temperatures are below freezing. Hurricane/Tropical Storm Hurricanes and tropical storms are classified as cyclones and defined as any closed circulation developing around a low-pressure center in which the winds rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (or clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) and with a diameter averaging 10 to 30 miles across. When maximum sustained winds reach or exceed 39 miles per hour,the system is designated a tropical storm, given a name, and is closely monitored by the National Hurricane Center. When sustained winds reach or exceed 74 miles per hour the storm is deemed a hurricane. The primary damaging forces associated with these storms are high-level sustained winds, heavy precipitation and tornadoes. Coastal areas are also vulnerable to the additional forces of storm surge, wind-driven waves and tidal flooding which can be more destructive than cyclone wind.The majority of hurricanes and tropical storms form in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico during the official Atlantic hurricane season,which extends from June through November. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:3 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Infectious Disease Public health threats are often defined by a biological agent/disease that may result in mass casualties or an outbreak of symptoms in those affected. Often emerging diseases are the greatest threat because they are new or varied iterations of existing threats and the population may not have built up a collective immunity to the disease. Landslide The movements of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope when the force of gravity pulling down the slope exceeds the strength of the earth materials that comprise to hold it in place. Slopes greater than 10 degrees are more likely to slide,as are slopes where the height from the top of the slope to its toe is greater than 40 feet. Slopes are also more likely to fail if vegetative cover is low and/or soil water content is high. Land Subsidence/Sinkhole The gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface due to the subsurface movement of earth materials. Causes of land subsidence include groundwater pumpage, aquifer system compaction, drainage of organic soils, underground mining, hydrocompaction, natural compaction, sinkholes, and thawing permafrost. Lightning Lightning is a discharge of electrical energy resulting from the buildup of positive and negative charges within a thunderstorm, creating a "bolt" when the buildup of charges becomes strong enough. This flash of light usually occurs within the clouds or between the clouds and the ground. A bolt of lightning can reach temperatures approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Lightning rapidly heats the sky as it flashes, but the surrounding air cools following the bolt. This rapid heating and cooling of the surrounding air causes thunder.On average,73 people are killed each year by lightning strikes in the United States. Nor'easter Similar to hurricanes, nor'easters are ocean storms capable of causing substantial damage to coastal areas in the Eastern United States due to their associated strong winds and heavy surf. Nor'easters are named for the winds that blow in from the northeast and drive the storm up the East Coast along the Gulf Stream,a band of warm water that lies off the Atlantic coast. They are caused by the interaction of the jet stream with horizontal temperature gradients and generally occur during the fall and winter months when moisture and cold air are plentiful. Nor'easters are known for dumping heavy amounts of rain and snow, producing hurricane-force winds, and creating high surf that causes severe beach erosion and coastal flooding. Severe Winter Storm Winter storms may include snow, sleet, freezing rain, or a mix of these wintry forms of precipitation. Blizzards, the most dangerous of all winter storms, combine low temperatures, heavy snowfall, and winds of at least 35 miles per hour, reducing visibility to only a few yards. Ice storms occur when moisture falls and freezes immediately upon impact on trees, power lines, communication towers, structures, roads and other hard surfaces. Winter storms and ice storms can down trees, cause widespread power outages, damage property, and cause fatalities and injuries to human life. Solar Flare/EMP According to NOAA, solar flares are large outbursts of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun lasting from minutes to hours. They are caused by magnetic reconnection associated with large-scale eruptions of magnetic flux called "coronal mass ejections" (CMEs). Solar flares occur in a large range of strengths and are classified on a logarithmic scale based on their intensity in the 1-minute averaged NOAA/GOES XRS instrument's 0.1 -- 0.8 nm spectral band, with the smallest flares being labeled"A"flares,the next(10 times)larger called"B"flares, the next larger "C" flares, followed by the fairly large "M" flares, and finally the largest"X"flares. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:4 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Storm Surge A storm surge is a large dome of water often 50 to 100 miles wide and rising anywhere from four to five feet in a Category 1 hurricane up to more than 30 feet in a Category 5 storm. Storm surge heights and associated waves are also dependent upon the shape of the offshore continental shelf(narrow or wide)and the depth of the ocean bottom (bathymetry). A narrow shelf, or one that drops steeply from the shoreline and subsequently produces deep water close to the shoreline, tends to produce a lower surge but higher and more powerful storm waves. Storm surge arrives ahead of a storm's actual landfall and the more intense the hurricane is, the sooner the surge arrives. Storm surge can be devastating to coastal regions, causing severe beach erosion and property damage along the immediate coast. Further,water rise caused by storm surge can be very rapid, posing a serious threat to those who have not yet evacuated flood- prone areas. Tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that has contact with the ground and is often visible as a funnel cloud. Its vortex rotates cyclonically with wind speeds ranging from as low as 40 mph to as high as 300 mph.Tornadoes are most often generated by thunderstorm activity when cool, dry air intersects and overrides a layer of warm, moist air forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The destruction caused by tornadoes ranges from light to catastrophic depending on the intensity,size and duration of the storm. Tsunami A series of waves generated by an undersea disturbance such as an earthquake. The speed of a tsunami traveling away from its source can range from up to 500 miles per hour in deep water to approximately 20 to 30 miles per hour in shallower areas near coastlines.Tsunamis differ from regular ocean waves in that their currents travel from the water surface all the way down to the sea floor. Wave amplitudes in deep water are typically less than one meter; they are often barely detectable to the human eye. However, as they approach shore,they slow in shallower water, basically causing the waves from behind to effectively "pile up", and wave heights to increase dramatically. As opposed to typical waves which crash at the shoreline, tsunamis bring with them a continuously flowing 'wall of water' with the potential to cause devastating damage in coastal areas located immediately along the shore. Volcano A mountain that opens downward to a reservoir of molten rock below the surface of the earth. While most mountains are created by forces pushing up the earth from below, volcanoes are different in that they are built up over time by an accumulation of their own eruptive products: lava, ash flows, and airborne ash and dust. Volcanoes erupt when pressure from gases and the molten rock beneath becomes strong enough to cause an explosion. Wildfire An uncontrolled fire burning in an area of vegetative fuels such as grasslands, brush, or woodlands. Heavier fuels with high continuity, steep slopes, high temperatures, low humidity, low rainfall, and high winds all work to increase risk for people and property located within wildfire hazard areas or along the urban/wildland interface. Wildfires are part of the natural management of forest ecosystems, but most are caused by human factors. Over 80 percent of forest fires are started by negligent human behavior such as smoking in wooded areas or improperly extinguishing campfires.The second most common cause for wildfire is lightning. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:5 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Windstorm/Thunderstorm Windstorms/thunderstorms are caused by air masses of varying temperatures meeting in the atmosphere. Rapidly rising warm moist air fuels the formation of thunderstorms.Thunderstorms may occur singularly, in lines, or in clusters.They can move through an area very quickly or linger for several hours.Thunderstorms may result in hail,tornadoes, or straight-line winds.Windstorms pose a threat to lives, property, and vital utilities primarily due to the effects of flying debris and can down trees and power lines. TECHNOLOGICAL/MAN-MADE HAZARDS Chemical Hazard Hazardous material (HAZMAT) incidents can apply to fixed facilities as well as mobile, transportation-related accidents in the air, by rail, on the nation's highways and on the water. HAZMAT incidents consist of solid, liquid and/or gaseous contaminants that are released from fixed or mobile containers,whether by accident or by design as with an intentional terrorist attack. A HAZMAT incident can last hours to days, while some chemicals can be corrosive or otherwise damaging over longer periods of time. In addition to the primary release, explosions and/or fires can result from a release, and contaminants can be extended beyond the initial area by persons,vehicles,water,wind and possibly wildlife as well. Cyberterrorism Cyberterrorism is a deliberate attack on an individual or group using the internet. In the past few decades, society has become dependent on computers and internet connections for much of daily life. This dependence has opened up the avenue for crime to be committed from afar,often from a different country.Some common examples of cyberterrorism include a hacker accessing bank accounts by hacking into a bank's website, infecting a computer system with a virus, Trojan horse, or worm to inflict damage to the information in the system, or disseminating incorrect or otherwise flawed information, also called "misinformation." Also, denial-of-service attacks could occur against prominent websites,which prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services Dam/Levee Failure Dam failure is the collapse, breach,or other failure of a dam structure resulting in downstream flooding. In the event of a dam failure, the energy of the water stored behind even a small dam is capable of causing loss of life and severe property damage if development exists downstream of the dam. Dam failure can result from natural events, human-induced events, or a combination of the two. The most common cause of dam failure is prolonged rainfall that produces flooding. Failures due to other natural events such as hurricanes, earthquakes or landslides are significant because there is generally little or no advance warning. Nuclear Power Plant A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Incident Agency as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility. Often, this type of incident results from damage to the reactor core of a nuclear power plant which can release radioactivity into the environment. The degree of exposure from nuclear accidents has varied from serious to catastrophic. Terrorism Terrorism is defined by FEMA as, "the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom." Terrorist acts may include assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, bomb scares and bombings, and the use of chemical, biological,nuclear and radiological weapons. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:6 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Utility Failure Power/water utility failures often occur hand in hand with other hazards. For example, they can be caused by rising flood waters or high winds. These events most commonly occur when wind events knock down power lines or water treatment plants are flooded by rising waters, thereby shutting down these utilities. The impacts from these failures are often widespread and can affect thousands of people even when small parts of this infrastructure are affected. 4.3 DISASTER DECLARATIONS Disaster declarations provide initial insight into the hazards that may impact the Augusta-Richmond County planning area. Since 1953, 3 presidential disaster declarations have been reported in Augusta- Richmond County.This includes two events related to severe storms and flooding,as well as one severe winter storm event. TABLE 4.2: RICHMOND COUNTY DISASTER DECLARATIONS Disaster Year Description Number 1990 880 SEVERE STORMS AND FLOODING 1998 1209 SEVERE STORMS AND FLOODING 2014 4165 SEVERE WINTER STORM Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:7 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION 4.4 HAZARD EVALUATION TABLE 4.3: DOCUMENTATION OF THE HAZARD EVALUATION PROCESS Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination Made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) NATURAL HAZARDS Avalanche NO • Review of FEMA's • The United States avalanche hazard Multi-Hazard is limited to mountainous western Identification and states including Alaska,as well as Risk Assessment some areas of low risk in New • Review of the NC England. State Hazard • Avalanche hazard was not included Mitigation Plan in the Georgia State Hazard • Review of the Mitigation Plan after determining previous Augusta- the mountain elevations in Georgia Richmond County did not have enough snow to hazard mitigation produce this hazard. plan • Avalanche is not included in the • Review of US previous Augusta-Richmond County Forest Service hazard mitigation plan. National • There is no risk of avalanche events Avalanche Center in Georgia. website Drought YES • Review of FEMA's • Drought is a normal part of virtually Multi-Hazard all climatic regimes,including areas Identification and with high and low average rainfall. Risk Assessment • Droughts are discussed in Georgia • Review of the GA State Hazard Mitigation Plan. State Hazard • The Georgia State Hazard Mitigation Plan Mitigation Plan lists drought as a • Review of the medium-high hazard for the state. previous Augusta- • Drought is included in the previous Richmond County Augusta-Richmond County hazard hazard mitigation mitigation plan. plan • There are reports of severe to • Review of the U.S. exceptional drought conditions in 9 Drought Monitor of the last 17 years in Augusta- data Richmond County,according to the U.S.Drought Monitor. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:8 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards hazard to be How was this Why was this determination made? Considered determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Earthquake YES • Review of FEMA's • Although the zone of greatest Multi-Hazard seismic activity in the United States Identification and is along the Pacific Coast,eastern Risk Assessment regions have experienced • Review of GA State significant earthquakes. Hazard Mitigation • Earthquake events are discussed in Plan the GA State Hazard Mitigation Plan • Review of the and the state is considered to be at previous Augusta- low risk to an earthquake event. Richmond County • Earthquake was included in the hazard mitigation previous Augusta-Richmond County plan hazard mitigation plan. • Review of the • Earthquakes have occurred in and National around the State of Georgia in the Geophysical Data past.The state is affected by the Center Charleston and the Eastern • USGS Earthquake Tennessee seismic zones,and the Hazards Program former has generated a magnitude website 8.0 earthquake in the last 200 years. • 24 events are known to have occurred in the county according to the National Geophysical Data Center.The greatest MMI reported was a VIII. • According to USGS seismic hazard maps,the peak ground acceleration (PGA)with a 2%probability of exceedance in 50 years for Augusta- Richmond County is approximately 8 to 14%g. FEMA recommends that earthquakes be further evaluated for mitigation purposes in areas with a PGA of 3%g or more. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:9 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Erosion NO • Review of GA State • Erosion is discussed in the GA State Hazard Mitigation Hazard Mitigation Plan but only for Plan coastal areas(there is no significant • Review of the discussion of riverine erosion). previous Augusta- • Erosion is not included as a hazard Richmond County in the previous Augusta-Richmond hazard mitigation County hazard mitigation plan. plan • Riverine erosion remains a natural, dynamic,and continuous process that unlikely to have a major impact on Augusta-Richmond County other than in a very localized sense. Expansive Soils NO • Review of FEMA's • The effects of expansive soils are Multi-Hazard most prevalent in parts of the Identification and Southern,Central,and Western Risk Assessment U.S. • Review of GA State • Expansive soils are not identified in Hazard Mitigation the GA State Hazard Mitigation Plan Plan. • Review of the • Augusta-Richmond County is previous Augusta- located in an area that has Richmond County relatively low clay swelling hazard mitigation potential. plan • The previous Augusta-Richmond • Review of USGS County Hazard Mitigation Plan did Swelling Clays Map not identify expansive soils as a potential hazard. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:10 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards hazard to be How was this Why was this determination made? Considered determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Extreme Cold NO • Review of FEMA's • Many areas of the United States are Multi-Hazard susceptible to extreme cold. Identification and • Extreme cold was not included in Risk Assessment the previous Augusta-Richmond • Review of the County hazard mitigation plan. North Carolina • As a community in the southeastern State Hazard United States,the county is much Mitigation Plan more susceptible to extreme heat • Review of the than extreme cold. previous Augusta- Richmond County hazard mitigation plan • Review of NOAA NCDC Storm Events Database Extreme Heat YES • Review of FEMA's • Many areas of the United States are Multi-Hazard susceptible to extreme heat and Identification and heat waves,including Georgia. Risk Assessment • The GA State Hazard Mitigation • Review of the Plan reports the entire state has Georgia State some vulnerability. Hazard Mitigation • Extreme heat was included in the Plan previous Augusta-Richmond County • Review of the hazard mitigation plan. previous Augusta- • Although NCDC reports no extreme Richmond County heat events for Augusta-Richmond hazard mitigation County,several nearby weather plan stations have reported • Review of NOAA temperatures in the upper 90s and NCDC Storm low 100s every year for the past 10 Events Database years. • Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:11 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination itI ade? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Flooding YES • Review of FEMA's • Floods occur in all 50 states and in Multi-Hazard the U.S.territories. Identification and • The flood hazard is thoroughly Risk Assessment discussed in the GA State Hazard • Review of GA State Mitigation Plan.The state was Hazard Mitigation found to have high vulnerability to Plan flooding. • Review of the • The previous Augusta-Richmond previous Augusta- County hazard mitigation plan Richmond County addresses flood hazard. hazard mitigation • NCDC reports that Augusta- plan Richmond County has been • Review of NOAA affected by 24 flood events since NCDC Storm 1996. In total,these events caused Events Database nearly$1 million(2016 dollars)in • Review of property damages. historical disaster • Two of the county's Presidential declarations Disaster Declarations were flood- • Review of FEMA related. DFIRM data • 18.7%of Augusta-Richmond County • Review of FEMA's is located in an identified floodplain NFIP Community (100-or 500-year). Status Book and • All jurisdictions in the county Community Rating participate in the NFIP and Augusta- System(CRS) Richmond County also participates in the CRS. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:12 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Hail YES • Review of FEMA's • Although hailstorms occur primarily Multi-Hazard in the Midwestern states,they do Identification and occur in every state on the Risk Assessment mainland U.S. Most inland regions • Review of GA State experience hailstorms at least two Hazard Mitigation or more days each year. Plan • Hailstorm events are discussed in • Review of the the GA State Hazard Mitigation Plan previous Augusta- under the Severe Weather hazard. Richmond County • Hail is included in the previous hazard mitigation Augusta-Richmond County hazard plan mitigation plan. • Review of NOAA • NCDC reports 72 hailstorm events NCDC Storm (0.75 to 1.75 inch size hail)for Events Database Augusta-Richmond County since 1955. Hurricane and Tropical YES • Review of FEMA's • The Atlantic and Gulf regions are Storm Multi-Hazard most prone to landfall by Identification and hurricanes and tropical storms. Risk Assessment • Hurricane and tropical storm events • Review of GA State are discussed in the GA State Hazard Mitigation Hazard Mitigation Plan and are Plan listed as the medium hazard in the • Review of the state. previous Augusta- • Hurricanes and tropical weather Richmond County were addressed in the previous hazard mitigation Augusta-Richmond County hazard plan mitigation plan. • Analysis of NOAA • NOAA historical records indicate 74 historical tropical storm tracks have come within 75 cyclone tracks and miles of Augusta-Richmond County National Hurricane since 1850. Center Website • The 50-year return period peak gust • FEMA Hazus-MH for hurricane and tropical storm storm return events in Augusta-Richmond periods County is around 68 mph. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:13 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Infectious Disease YES • Review of FEMA's • The previous Augusta-Richmond Multi-Hazard County hazard mitigation plan did Identification and not include infectious disease; Risk Assessment however,it is a hazard that local • Discussions with officials were concerned with and local officials wanted to evaluate. • Public health emergencies are often unpredictable and can ramp up quickly depending on how quickly they are recognized.These threats will potentially impact the county in the future. Landslide NO • Review of FEMA's • Landslides occur in every state in Multi-Hazard the U.S,and they are most common Identification and in the coastal ranges of California, Risk Assessment the Colorado Plateau,the Rocky • Review of GA State Mountains,and the Appalachian Hazard Mitigation Mountains. Plan • Landslide/debris flow events are • Review of the discussed in the GA state plan,but previous Augusta- vulnerability tends to be higher in Richmond County the Appalachian region of the state. hazard mitigation • The previous Augusta-Richmond plan County hazard mitigation plan did • Review of USGS not address landslides. Landslide • USGS landslide hazard maps Incidence and indicate that a low risk is found Susceptibility through most of the county. Hazard Map Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:14 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Land Subsidence/Sinkhole NO • Review of FEMA's • Land subsidence affects at least 45 Multi-Hazard states,including Georgia.However, Identification and because of the broad range of Risk Assessment causes and impacts,there has been • Review of GA State limited national focus on this Hazard Mitigation hazard. Plan • The state plan delineates certain • Review of the areas that are susceptible to land previous Augusta- subsidence hazards in Georgia;with Richmond County the southern part of the state being hazard mitigation much more susceptible. plan • The previous Augusta-Richmond County hazard mitigation plan did not identify land subsidence as a potential hazard. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:15 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination shade? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Lightning YES • Review of FEMA's • Lightning events were not Multi-Hazard addressed on their own in the Identification and previous Augusta-Richmond County Risk Assessment hazard mitigation plan,but the • Review of GA State planning team determined that it Hazard Mitigation might be useful to separate Plan lightning out as a hazard in this • Review of the update. previous Augusta- • NCDC reports only 1 lightning event Richmond County in Augusta-Richmond County since hazard mitigation 1996,but it resulted in 3 injuries. plan • The central region of the Florida has • Review of NOAA the highest density of lightning NCDC Storm strikes in the mainland U.S.; Events Database however,lightning events are • Review of Vaisala's experienced in nearly every region. NLDN Lightning • Lightning events are discussed in Flash Density Map the GA State Hazard Mitigation Plan as part of the severe weather hazard. • According to Vaisala's U.S.National Lightning Detection Network, Augusta-Richmond County is located in an area that experienced an average of 2 to 8 lightning flashes per square kilometer per year between 2006 and 2014. Nor'easter NO • Review of GA State • Nor'easters are not discussed in the Hazard Mitigation state plan. Plan • Nor'easters were not identified in • Review of the the previous Augusta-Richmond previous Augusta- County hazard mitigation plan. Richmond County • NCDC does not report any hazard mitigation nor'easter activity for Augusta- plan Richmond County. • Review of NOAA NCDC Storm Events Database Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:16 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Severe Winter Storm YES • Review of FEMA's • Winter storms affect every state in Multi-Hazard the continental U.S.and Alaska. Identification and • Severe winter storms,including Risk Assessment snow storms and ice storms,are • Review of GA State discussed in the GA State Hazard Hazard Mitigation Mitigation Plan.They are listed as a Plan medium-high hazard in the state. • Review of the • Winter snow and ice storm events previous Augusta- were addressed in the previous Richmond County Augusta-Richmond County hazard hazard mitigation mitigation plan. plan • NCDC reports that Augusta- • Review of NOAA Richmond County has been NCDC Storm affected by at least 8 snow and ice Events Database events since 1996. • Review of • One of the county's disaster historical declarations was directly related to presidential winter storm events. disaster declarations Solar Flare/EMP YES • Review of FEMA's • The previous Augusta-Richmond Multi-Hazard County hazard mitigation plan did Identification and not include solar flares;however,it Risk Assessment was discussed as a potential threat • Review of the at meetings of the HM PT. NOAA Space • Solar flares are a threat that can Weather scales occur without regard to specific • Discussions with location,so it was evaluated in this local officials plan. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:17 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Storm Surge NO • Review of FEMA's • Given the inland location of Multi-Hazard Augusta-Richmond County,storm Identification and surge would not affect the area. Risk Assessment • Storm surge is discussed in the GA • Review of GA State State Hazard Mitigation Plan,but Hazard Mitigation vulnerability to storm surge is Plan confined coastal areas. • Review of the • The previous Augusta-Richmond previous Augusta- County hazard mitigation plan did Richmond County not address storm surge. hazard mitigation • No historical events were reported plan by NCDC. • Review of NOAA NCDC Storm Events Database Tornado YES • Review of FEMA's • Tornado events are discussed in the Multi-Hazard GA State Hazard Mitigation Plan Identification and and ranked as a high risk hazard in Risk Assessment the state. • Review of G State • Tornado events were addressed in Hazard Mitigation the previous Augusta-Richmond Plan County hazard mitigation plan. • Review of the • NCDC reports 10 tornado events in previous Augusta- Augusta-Richmond County since Richmond County 1950.These events have resulted hazard mitigation 26 injuries and$16.4 million(2016 plan dollars)in property damage with • Review of NOAA the most severe being an EF3. NCDC Storm Events Database Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:18 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards hazard to be How was this Why was this determination made? Considered addressed in determination made? the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Tsunami NO • Review of FEMA's • No record exists of a catastrophic Multi-Hazard Atlantic basin tsunami impacting Identification and the Atlantic coast of the United Risk Assessment States. • Review of GA State • Tsunami inundation zone maps are Hazard Mitigation not available for communities Plan located along the U.S. East Coast. • Review of the • Tsunamis are not discussed in the previous Augusta- state plan. Richmond County • The previous Augusta-Richmond hazard mitigation County hazard mitigation plan did plan not address tsunamis. • Review of FEMA • FEMA mitigation planning guidance "How-to" suggests that locations along the mitigation planning U.S.East Coast have a relatively low guidance tsunami risk and need not conduct (Publication 386-2, a tsunami risk assessment at this "Understanding time. Your Risks— Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses). Volcano NO • Review of FEMA's • More than 65 potentially active Multi-Hazard volcanoes exist in the United States Identification and and most are located in Alaska.The Risk Assessment Western states and Hawaii are also • Review of GA State potentially affected by volcanic Hazard Mitigation hazards. Plan • There are no active volcanoes in • Review of USGS Georgia. Volcano Hazards • There has not been a volcanic Program website eruption in Georgia in over 1 million years. • No volcanoes are located near Augusta-Richmond County. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:19 February 2017 1116. SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination Made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Wildfire YES • Review of FEMA's • Wildfires occur in virtually all parts Multi-Hazard of the United States.Wildfire Identification and hazard risks will increase as low- Risk Assessment density development along the • Review of GA State urban/wildland interface increases. Hazard Mitigation • Wildfires are discussed in the state Plan plan as a medium hazard of • Review of the concern in the state. previous Augusta- • The previous Augusta-Richmond Richmond County County hazard mitigation plan hazard mitigation addressed wildfire. plan • A review of SWRA data indicates • Review of that there are some areas of Southern Wildfire elevated concern in Augusta- Risk Assessment Richmond County. (SWRA) Data • According to the Georgia Forestry • Review of GA Commission,Augusta-Richmond Forestry County experiences an average of Commission data 38 fires each year which burn a combined 129 acres. Windstorm/Thunderstorm YES • Review of FEMA's • The GA State Hazard Mitigation Multi-Hazard Plan addresses windstorms and Identification and thunderstorms as severe weather Risk Assessment which is considered a high to very • Review of GA State high risk hazard in the state. Hazard Mitigation • Severe thunderstorm events were Plan addressed in the previous Augusta- • Review of the Richmond County hazard mitigation previous Augusta- plan. Richmond County • NCDC reports 182 hazard mitigation thunderstorm/high wind events in plan Augusta-Richmond County since • Review of NOAA 1950.These events have resulted in NCDC Storm 1 death,36 injuries,and$4.0 Events Database million(2016 dollars)in property damage. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:20 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards hazard to be How was this Why was this determination made? Considered addressed in determination made? the plan at this time? (Yes or No) TECHNOLOGICAL/MAN-MADE HAZARDS Chemical Hazard YES • Review of FEMA's • Cities,counties,and towns where Multi-Hazard hazardous materials fabrication, Identification and processing,and storage sites are Risk Assessment located,and those where • Review EPA Toxic hazardous waste treatment, Release Inventory storage or disposal facilities (TRI) operate are at risk for hazardous • Review of USDOT materials events. Pipeline and • The previous Augusta-Richmond Hazardous County hazard mitigation plan Materials Safety included hazardous materials Administration incidents. (PHMSA)incident • 29 TRI facilities are located in database Augusta-Richmond County. • 21 of the 339 PHMSA-reported HAZMAT incidents in the county were classified as"serious" incidents. In total,these incidents have resulted in 27 injuries,and over$700,000(2016 dollars)in property damages. Cyberterrorism YES • Review of FEMA's • The previous Augusta-Richmond Multi-Hazard County hazard mitigation plan did Identification and not include cyberterrorism; Risk Assessment however,it was discussed as a • Discussions with possible threat in planning team local officials meetings. • Cyberterrorism is a threat that can occur without regard to specific location,so it was evaluated in this plan. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:21 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards How was this Considered hazard to be determination made? Why was this determination made? addressed in the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Dam/Levee Failure YES • Review of FEMA's • The National Inventory of Dams Multi-Hazard shows dams are located in every Identification and state. Risk Assessment • Dam failure is discussed in the GA • Review of GA State State Hazard Mitigation Plan and is Hazard Mitigation listed a low risk hazard for the state. Plan • The previous Augusta-Richmond • Review of the County hazard mitigation plan previous Augusta- addressed dam failure. Richmond County • Of the 27 dams reported by the hazard mitigation Georgia Safe Dams Program,6 are plan high hazard(high hazard is defined • Review of Georgia as"where failure or mis-operation Safe Dams Program will probably cause loss of human data life"). Nuclear Power Plant YES • Review of IAEA • The Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant is Incident data on the located within 10 miles of the location of nuclear southeastern corner of Augusta- reactors Richmond County. • Review of the • The previous Augusta-Richmond Augusta-Richmond County hazard mitigation plan County HIRA included nuclear power plant • Discussions with incident as a hazard. local officials • A nuclear accident is unlikely to occur,but could cause severe damage in the event of a major incident. Terrorism YES • Review of the • The previous Augusta-Richmond previous Augusta- County hazard mitigation plan Richmond County included terrorism. hazard mitigation • There are several high profiles plan targets in the area that caused the • Discussions with planning team to determine that local officials the hazard should be evaluated further. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:22 February 2017 SECTION 4:HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Was this hazard identified as a significant Natural Hazards hazard to be How was this Why was this determination made? Considered addressed in determination made? the plan at this time? (Yes or No) Utility Failure YES • Review of FEMA's • The previous Augusta-Richmond Multi-Hazard County hazard mitigation plan did Identification and not include utility failure;however, Risk Assessment discussion during planning team • Review of the meetings indicated the hazard previous Augusta- warranted further discussion. Richmond County • Utility failures occur frequently in hazard mitigation the county,especially during winter plan storms or high wind events.These • Discussions with will continue to impact the county local officials going forward. 4.5 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION RESULTS TABLE 4.4:SUMMARY RESULTS OF THE HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION PROCESS NATURAL HAZARDS 0 Severe Winter Storm ❑ Avalanche 0 Solar Flare/EMP O Drought 0 Storm Surge O Earthquake 0 Tornado ❑ Erosion 0 Tsunami ❑ Expansive Soils 0 Volcano ❑ Extreme Cold 0 Wildfire O Extreme Heat 0 Windstorm/Thunderstorm O Flooding TECHNOLOGICAL/MAN-MADE HAZARDS O Hail 0 Chemical Hazard 0 Hurricane/Tropical Storm 0 Cyberterrorism El Infectious Disease 0 Dam/Levee Failure ❑ Landslide 0 Nuclear Power Plant Incident ❑ Land Subsidence/Sinkhole 0 Terrorism 0 Lightning 0 Utility Failure ❑ Nor'easter 0=Hazard considered significant enough for further evaluation in the Augusta-Richmond County hazard risk assessment. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 4:23 February 2017 SECTION HAZARD PROFILES This section includes detailed hazard profiles for each of the hazards identified in the previous section (Hazard Identification) as significant enough for further evaluation in the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan. It contains the following subsections: Overview ❖ 5.13 Solar Flare/EMP ❖ 5.1 Overview ❖ 5.14 Tornado ❖ 5.2 Study Area ❖ 5.15 Wildfire ❖ 5.3 Climate Change/Adaptation ❖ 5.16 Windstorm/Thunderstorm Natural Hazards Technological/Man-Made Hazards ❖ 5.4 Drought ❖ 5.17 Chemical Hazard ❖ 5.5 Earthquake ❖ 5.18 Cyberterrorism ❖ 5.6 Extreme Heat ❖ 5.19 Dam/Levee Failure ❖ 5.7 Flooding ❖ 5.20 Nuclear Power Plant Incident ❖ 5.8 Hail ❖ 5.21 Terrorism ❖ 5.9 Hurricane/Tropical Storm ❖ 5.22 Utility Failure ❖ 5.10 Infectious Disease Conclusion ❖ 5.11 Lightning ❖ 5.23 Conclusions on Hazard Risk ❖ 5.12 Severe Winter Storm ❖ 5.24 Final Determinations 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(2)(i):The risk assessment shall include a description of the type,location and extent of all natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction.The plan shall include information on previous occurrences of hazard events and on the probability of future hazard events Overview 5.1 OVERVIEW This section includes detailed hazard profiles for each of the hazards identified in the previous section (Hazard Identification) as significant enough for further evaluation in Augusta-Richmond County hazard risk assessment by creating a hazard profile. Each hazard profile includes a general description of the hazard, its location and extent, notable historical occurrences,and the probability of future occurrences. Each profile also includes specific items noted by members of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team as it relates to unique historical or anecdotal hazard information for Augusta- Richmond County or a participating municipality within it. The following hazards were identified: Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:1 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES ••• Natural ❖ Drought ❖ Earthquake ❖ Extreme Heat ❖ Flooding ❖ Hail ❖ Hurricane/Tropical Storm ••• Infectious Disease ❖ Lightning ••• Severe Winter Storm ❖ Solar Flare/EMP ••• Tornado ❖ Windstorm/Thunderstorm ❖ Wildfire ❖ Technological/Man-Made ••• Chemical Hazard ••• Cyberterrorism ❖ Dam/Levee Failure ❖ Nuclear Power Plant Incident ❖ Terrorism ❖ Utility Failure 5.2 STUDY AREA Richmond County includes 3 municipalities: Augusta, Blythe, and Hephzibah. The City of Augusta operates in conjunction with Richmond County as part of a consolidated government and thus, these communities are treated as a single entity in this plan as there are no unincorporated areas within the county. Additionally, Fort Gordon occupies a large section of the southwest part of the county and, although it is not an incorporated municipality, it is treated as a separate entity for the purposes of this plan. Table 5.1 provides a summary table of the participating communities. In addition, Figure 5.1 provides a base map,for reference,of Augusta-Richmond County. TABLE 5.1:JURISDICTIONAL AREAS IN THE AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN Augusta-Richmond County Fort Gordon Blythe Hephzibah Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:2 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.1:AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY BASE MAP Legend Augusta-Richmond County, Georgia Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Community ,^/US Roads . i 0 2 4 8 A. Augusta /�/State Roads 0 Blythe Interstate Fort Gordon + Hephzibah 0 \ ., , , ,.4, . j a Alk, . r _..„ t�. cci,„:: .,„ . 4 i \, , . -? o { c\ o /---------' m i i i o k Table 5.2 lists each significant hazard for Augusta-Richmond County and identifies whether or not it has been determined to be a specific hazard of concern for the 3 communities and the Fort Gordon area. This is the based on the best available data and information from the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team.(• =hazard of concern) TABLE 5.2 SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED HAZARD EVENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY NATURAL a, a E _ E co v Jurisdiction -cu = CU ° cUJ E v vi tin c — 0 c co 0 0 '- v E c III cu1 CL E L IJI�' a i ra L _t�AaJ O J N to N H F- Augusta-Richmond County Augusta-Richmond County QQQQQ • QQ • QO • 0 Blythe QQQQQ • 00 • 00 • 0 Fort Gordon QQQ00 • 00 • 00 • 0 Hephzibah Q0000 • QO • 00 • 0 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:3 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.2 SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED HAZARD EVENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY (CONTINUED) TECHNOLOGICAL/MAN-MADE ni E 4- v OS Jurisdiction = O o - v a 'u E m N a1 - c to LL i J E f0 i L N f+ O v E 3 J = L = U U D LL Z Q F- D Augusta-Richmond County Augusta-Richmond County 11113 • • ICIEI Blythe 112C1 • • EICI Fort Gordon 13113 • • 11:1113 Hephzibah EICI • • Ella 5.3 CLIMATE CHANGE/ADAPTATION The National Climate Assessment(2014) is a report on climate change in the United States that has been developed to increase understanding of the impacts of climate change throughout the country, with specific focus on regional effects and outcomes.The report is based on a wealth of information and data analysis, evaluating both past trends and future projections related to changes in our climate.' Much of the data indicates that the primary factor in altering the global climate is greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Augusta-Richmond County appears to be fundamentally changing due to climate change which has resulted in more violent storms, higher temperatures, and changes in precipitation leading to increased drought and/or flood risk. These changes are expected to continue in the foreseeable future for both the county and the region at-large. Primary public health concerns as a result of climate change impacts in the Southeast include a number of potential impacts such as the urban heat island effect upon city residents and outdoor workers, heat-related issues for rural workers (primarily farmworkers), increased health risks to the elderly and other vulnerable populations in both rural and urban communities, and impacts to local ecosystems that can have widespread effects on human health. Due to its inland location, the impacts of climate change on Augusta-Richmond County may less dramatically alter lifestyles and the environment from today's "normal" when compared to other areas of the nation and world. Nevertheless there will be fundamental changes to the communities covered by this plan and the impacts of climate change on the hazards discussed in this plan will be significant. Climate change is likely to exacerbate the effects of many hazards and this is discussed (where applicable) in the hazard profiles found in this section. I http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/ Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:4 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Natural Hazards 5.4 DROUGHT 5.4.1 Background Drought is a normal part of virtually all climatic regions, including areas with high and low average rainfall. Drought is the consequence of a natural reduction in the amount of precipitation expected over an extended period of time, usually a season or more in length. High temperatures, high winds, and low humidity can exacerbate drought conditions. In addition, human actions and demands for water resources can hasten drought-related impacts. Drought may also lead to more severe wildfires. Droughts are typically classified into one of four types: 1) meteorological, 2) hydrologic, 3) agricultural, or 4)socioeconomic.Table 5.3 presents definitions for these types of drought. TABLE 5.3 DROUGHT CLASSIFICATION DEFINITIONS Meteorological Drought The degree of dryness or departure of actual precipitation from an expected average or normal amount based on monthly,seasonal,or annual time scales. Hydrologic Drought The effects of precipitation shortfalls on stream flows and reservoir,lake,and groundwater levels. Agricultural Drought Soil moisture deficiencies relative to water demands of plant life,usually crops. Socioeconomic Drought The effect of demands for water exceeding the supply as a result of a weather-related supply shortfall. Source:Multi-Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment:A Cornerstone of the National Mitigation Strategy,FEMA Droughts are slow-onset hazards, but over time, can have very damaging effects on crops, municipal water supplies, recreational uses, and wildlife. If drought conditions extend over a number of years,the direct and indirect economic impact can be significant. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is based on observed drought conditions and range from -0.5 (incipient dry spell)to -4.0 (extreme drought). Evident in Figure 5.2, the Palmer Drought Severity Index Summary Map for the United States, drought affects most areas of the United States, but tends to be less severe in the Eastern United States. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:5 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.2: PALMER DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX SUMMARY MAP FOR THE UNITED STATES Palmer Drought Severity Index 1895-1995 Percent of time in severe and extreme drought i - r lig 'ILA , 1:0111111.04" n llsitiVrop'04- 'it 144% ' .... 44,.tiiipijo,,,a, Mug} % of time PDSI { -3 rrerwirrrlioffrora* --lip iif 4 P* ...i tali !i.`+. 411, ®Less than 5% e l `00. Ej6%to9.99% IIIIII +t 7o% to74.9% at -, 15% to 19.99 110.0 III 20% or greater Source:National Drought Mitigation Center 5.4.2 Location and Spatial Extent Drought typically covers a large area and cannot be confined to any geographic or political boundaries. According to the Palmer Drought Severity Index, Central Eastern Georgia has a relatively low risk for drought hazard, spending between 5.00% and 9.99% of the time in severe to extreme drought conditions over the last 100 years. However, local areas may experience much more severe and/or frequent drought events than what is represented on the Palmer Drought Severity Index map. It is assumed that Augusta-Richmond County would be uniformly exposed to drought, making the spatial extent potentially widespread. It is also notable that drought conditions typically do not cause significant damage to the built environment. 5.4.3 Historical Occurrences The United States Drought Monitor was used to ascertain historical drought events in Augusta- Richmond County. The U.S. Drought Monitor records information on historical drought occurrence and categorizes drought on a D0-D4 scale.Table 5.4 presents definitions for these classifications. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:6 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.4 U.S. DROUGHT MONITOR DROUGHT CLASSIFICATIONS DO Abnormally Dry Going into drought:short-term dryness slowing planting,growth of crops or pastures. Coming out of drought:some lingering water deficits;pastures or crops not fully rec.vered Di Moderate Drought Some damage to crops,pastures;streams,reservoirs,or wells low,some water sho ages develo+ing or imminent,voluntary water-use restrictions requested Exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses;shortages of water in reservoirs,streams, D4 Exceptional Drought and wells creating water emergencies Source:United States Drought Monitor,http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/classify.htm According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, Augusta-Richmond County experienced severe to exceptional drought occurrences in 9 of the last 17 years (2000-2016). Table 5.5 shows the most severe drought condition reported for each year in Augusta-Richmond County, according to U.S. Drought Monitor classifications. TABLE 5.5: HISTORICAL DROUGHT OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Year Severity 2000 EXCEPTIONAL 2001 EXTREME 2002 EXCEPTIONAL 2003 ABNORMAL 2004 SEVERE 2005 ABNORMAL 2006 MODEFA1E:: 2007 EXCEPTIONAL 2008 EXTREME 2009 MODE I t. 2010 MODERA1 2011 EXTREME 2012 EXCEPTIONAL 2013 EXTREME 2014 MODERATE 2015 €'r'l;it:EI2.L1t 2016 ABNORMAL Source:U.S.Drought Monitor In addition, local officials have identified several drought events of note that have affected Augusta- Richmond County over the past 30 years. The most severe of these was in 1986 when a drought contributed to 3 deaths in the county and over$300,000 in crop damage. In 1998, a drought caused a reduction in normal flows of the Savannah River so much that tourism was reduced and water quality was negatively impacted. Finally, in 2003, a major drought occurred in the region that was a -4.0 on the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:7 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Data from the State of Georgia's Climatologist was also reviewed to obtain additional information on historical drought events that may have been larger in scale or more regional in nature. These events are identified in Table 5.6. TABLE 5.6: NOTABLE HISTORICAL DROUGHT OCCURRENCES IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA Year Area Affected Notes 1903-1905 Statewide Severe 1924-1927 North Central Georgia One of most severe of century 1930-1935 Mostly Statewide Affected most of US 1938-1944 Statewide Regional drought 1950-1957 Statewide Regional drought 1968-1971 Southern and Central Georgia Variable severity 1985-1990 North and Central Georgia Regional drought 1999-2009 Statewide Severe Source:USGS,GA State Climatologist It should also be noted that climate change will likely have a significant impact on the frequency and intensity of drought events across the United States. Indeed, short-term droughts are expected to intensify throughout the United States and long term drought will likely become much more prevalent in the western United States.As can be seen in Figure 5.3 much of the southern United States can expect a substantial increase in the number of months that will be spent in drought conditions when compared to the 20th century baseline. Although the southwest is expected to see a much larger increase in the number of months in drought conditions, most of Georgia (including Augusta-Richmond County) can expect an average increase of between 11 and 17 months in drought conditions over a 30 year period going forward. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:8 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.3: MEAN OF DIFFERENCES IN NUMBER OF DROUGHT MONTHS RELATIVE TO 20TH CENTURY BASELINE of Differences in Number of Drought-Months 1 1; Relative to 20th Century Baseline for the 99 U.S.Subbasins iikrkit'''' -,vs, • Ill 4 11111110 J Q Regional Watershed Boundaries(2-digit HUCs) Mean of differences In number of drought-months (Out of a total of 360 months,or over 30 years) Drought Index:SPI-12 )♦-88--67 NI-23--18 11-17 In 47-57 Gt:Ms:All(Mean Values) - u•66--52 -17--12 18-23 -56.71 Tine Period:Mid-21st Cery . ntu { MI-51--41 -11--5 I 24-30 n 72.89 SRN Scenario:AIB 1111-40--32 -4.2 an 31.38 [♦90.112 um-31--24 3-10 all 39.46 me 113-145 , -- Source:Strzepek et al.,2010 5.4.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Based on historical occurrence information, it is assumed that all of Augusta-Richmond County has a probability level of highly likely (near 100 percent annual probability) for future drought events. This is especially true given the potential effects of climate change to exacerbate drought and increase the frequency of drought events going forward,which will ultimately result in greater agricultural losses and more water supply shortages in the county. 5.4.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Drought can have a detrimental effect on the livelihood of farmers and agricultural producers in Augusta-Richmond County. Efforts to mitigate against drought, such as using irrigation equipment, have a high initial cost, including the need for an increase in management requirements, cost of operation and maintenance, and the lack of good quality water resources—which during times of drought would be severely affected. Public confidence would likely not be impacted severely. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:9 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Responders Although drought would have many of the same impacts on responders as it would on the public, the overall effects on responders would be relatively limited when compared to other hazards. Continuity of Operations Drought would have minimal impacts on continuity of operations due to the relatively long warning time that would allow for plans to be made to maintain continuity of operations. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Water Use Drought has the potential to affect Augusta-Richmond County's water supply for residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and government-owned areas. Drought can reduce water supply in wells and reservoirs. When drought conditions persist with no relief, local or state governments often institute water restrictions which can impact many aspects of the built environment. Irrigation Drought would affect irrigation and outdoor landscaping efforts around residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and government-owned land. Water conservation strategies can limit the amount of water used to maintain the aesthetic environment around buildings, businesses, and areas such as golf courses (perhaps most prominently, Augusta National Golf Club). This would include automatic and non-automatic spray irrigation systems, hose-end sprinklers, handheld hoses, bucket watering, drip irrigation, athletic field irrigation, swimming pools, car washing, pressure washing, and reuse water. Economy Extreme drought has the potential to depress local businesses and industries such as landscaping, recreation and tourism, and public utilities. Nursery and landscape businesses can also face significant losses from a drought. Losses include reduction of output and sales of nursery crops, reduction in plant sales, and an increase in watering costs. This can lead to the closing of many business locations, lay-off of employees, and increases in bankruptcy filing. In Augusta-Richmond County, events at Augusta National Golf Club are recognized nationwide and contribute substantially to the economy. Irrigating golf courses of this caliber is critical in order to maintain the course at an acceptable level to play. In a drought scenario, it is possible that reduced availability of water resources may hinder the ability of course managers to maintain the course to the proper level,thereby having a negative impact on the course,future events, and thus, the economy at- la rge. Environment Agriculture The agriculture sector of Augusta-Richmond County is particularly susceptible to drought damage.Table 5.7 shows the number of farms, acres of total land area being farmed, and average farm size for the county.' Agricultural drought has the potential to directly affect much of the land in the county. Agricultural areas at particular risk are cropland and pastures. 2 Augusta-Richmond County:Census of agriculture-2012.Retrieved January 3,2017,from https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Online Resources/County_Profiles/Georgia/cp13245.pdf Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:10 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.7:AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY FARMLAND OVERVIEW Census of Agriculture Number of Farms 123 Total Land in Farms,Acres 13,908 Average Farm Size,Acres 113 Source:Census of Agriculture,2012 Crops Prolonged periods of dry weather are the most difficult and damaging problem faced by crop growers and agricultural suppliers. Short- or long-term moisture deficits—even with the use of irrigation methods—during critical stages of crop development can severely reduce yields, with the amount of yield lost depending on when the drought occurs (see Table 5.8 for a list of Richmond County crop specific information), the growth stage of the crop, the severity of dry conditions, and the amount of available water that the soil can hold. TABLE 5.8:AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY CROP INFORMATION Crops Acres Harvested Rank' Forage-land used for all hay and haylage, 1,768 113 grass silage,and greenchop Wheat for grain,all 144 103 Winter wheat for grain 144 103 Pecans,all 77 82 Rye for grain 65 65 Source:Census of Agriculture,2012 Livestock Table 5.9 shows the type of livestock in Richmond County, including the quantity of livestock and the county's rank compared to other counties in the state. These are at risk for being affected by drought conditions in the county. Livestock losses from drought will most likely be confined to forage-based production systems. Losses in beef and dairy systems will potentially be of a single-season or multiyear variety. Single-season losses will include lost forage production (on both hay and grazing land), reduced weaning weights, reduced milk production,and increased mortality. Multiyear losses could include the cost of reestablishing pastures and reduced meat or milk production in subsequent years due to forced sales in the drought year. In addition, drought conditions could result in poor pasture conditions, reduced drinking water supplies, and a critical hay shortage that directly affects livestock and poultry health. TABLE 5.9:AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY LIVESTOCK(2012) Livestock Number Rank' Cattle and calves 1,854 122 Layers 477 101 3 Rank in production among Georgia counties a Rank in production among Georgia counties Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:11 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Livestock Number Rank' Horses and ponies 307 79 Pullets for laying flock replacement 220 57 Goats,all 111 133 Source:Census of Agriculture,2012 Environmental Degradation Drought may also lead to pollution of water sources as a result of lack of rain water to dilute industrial and agricultural chemical runoff. This poses a risk to plants and animals and makes it difficult to maintain a clean drinking water supply. Lack of water reaching the soil may also cause the ground to become dry and unstable. Erosion can increase and loss of topsoil can be severe if a high-intensity rain falls on ground lacking a ground cover of plants. As a result of these environmental impacts, habitats may be degraded through a loss of wetlands, lake capacity,and vegetation. 5.5 EARTHQUAKE 5.5.1 Background An earthquake is movement or trembling of the ground produced by sudden displacement of rock in the Earth's crust. Earthquakes result from crustal strain, volcanism, landslides, or the collapse of caverns. Earthquakes can affect hundreds of thousands of square miles, cause damage to property measured in the tens of billions of dollars, result in loss of life and injury to hundreds of thousands of persons, and disrupt the social and economic functioning of the affected area. Most property damage and earthquake-related deaths are caused by the failure and collapse of structures due to ground shaking.The level of damage depends upon the amplitude and duration of the shaking, which are directly related to the earthquake size, distance from the fault, site, and regional geology. Other damaging earthquake effects include landslides, the down-slope movement of soil and rock (mountain regions and along hillsides), and liquefaction, in which ground soil loses the ability to resist shear and flows much like quick sand. In the case of liquefaction,anything relying on the substrata for support can shift,tilt, rupture,or collapse. Most earthquakes are caused by the release of stresses accumulated as a result of the rupture of rocks along opposing fault planes in the Earth's outer crust. These fault planes are typically found along borders of the Earth's 10 tectonic plates. The areas of greatest tectonic instability occur at the perimeters of the slowly moving plates, as these locations are subjected to the greatest strains from plates traveling in opposite directions and at different speeds. Deformation along plate boundaries causes strain in the rock and the consequent buildup of stored energy. When the built-up stress exceeds the rocks' strength a rupture occurs. The rock on both sides of the fracture is snapped, releasing the stored energy and producing seismic waves,generating an earthquake. The greatest earthquake threat in the United States is along tectonic plate boundaries and seismic fault lines located in the central and western states; however,the Eastern United States does face moderate risk to less frequent, less intense earthquake events. Figure 5.4 shows relative seismic risk in the United Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:12 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES States based on United States Geological Survey mapping of peak ground acceleration at the national level. FIGURE 5.4: PEAK ACCELERATION WITH 10 PERCENT PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE IN 50 YEARS 12V 110` TOY YP fir Id° i' r ----1-------'1--'l _iiipt‘,Lo, , ,-,-.,),, \ i_________, : ,_,,,,, ,,t , , , i ,, ., , :69,1!-,,,_ ------,i, , \. i, , ,, .,.. ,_ , , , .. z., i i ,L__________\ , i 1 __-- rp �4 t *--) aruwtneM ; ti- ! ❑ —-{ I ,( 1 { , .Input p p.d.11 poky fill 1 r-.-. ..-�__--;'- .e, o ---:,— =r [ ♦v- u. n• an ,« ,p»e.»»an.OW. , o i Q tt t. [0.0RKWEI6 o 40 11:174 ALES Ten-percent probability of exceedance in 50 years map of peak ground acceleration EXPLANATION Peak acceleration,expressed as a fraction of standard gravity Ig) 0.4 s 0.2 1 0.15 0.1 0.07 0.05 x 0.03 1 0.02 o.ot Areas where suspected nontectonic o earthquakes have been deleted Source:United States Geological Survey,2014 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:13 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Earthquakes are measured in terms of their magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is measured using the Richter Scale, an open-ended logarithmic scale that describes the energy release of an earthquake through a measure of shock wave amplitude (Table 5.10). Each unit increase in magnitude on the Richter Scale corresponds to a 10-fold increase in wave amplitude, or a 32-fold increase in energy. Intensity is most commonly measured using the Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)Scale based on direct and indirect measurements of seismic effects. The scale levels are typically described using roman numerals, ranging from "I" corresponding to imperceptible (instrumental) events to "XII" for catastrophic (total destruction). A detailed description of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of earthquake intensity and its correspondence to the Richter Scale is given in Table 5.11. TABLE 5.10: RICHTER SCALE MCMIR . EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS <3.5 Generally not felt,but recorded. 3.5-5.4 Often felt,but rarely causes damage. 5.4 6.0 At most slight damage to well-designed buildings.Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live. Major earthquake.Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Great earthquake.Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across. Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency TABLE 5.11: MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE FOR EARTHQUAKES CORREPONDING E iNtiNSITY c :410/tOFOfEcts RICHTERSCi ; MAIC ._ INSTRUMENTAL Detected only on seismographs. FEEBLE Some people feel it. <4.2 SLIGHT Felt by people resting;like a truck rumbling by. IV MODERATE Felt by people walking. V SLIGHTLY STRONG Sleepers awake;church bells ring. <4.8 VI STRONG Trees sway;suspended objects swing,objects fall off <5.4 shelves. VII VERY STRONG Mild alarm;walls crack;plaster falls. <6.1 VIII DESTRUCTIVE Moving cars uncontrollable;masonry fractures, poorly constructed buildings damaged. RUINOUS Some houses collapse;ground cracks;pipes break <6.9 open. DISASTROUS Ground cracks profusely;many buildings destroyed; <7.3 liquefaction and landslides widespread. Most buildings and bridges collapse;roads,railways, VERY DISASTROUS pipes and cables destroyed;general triggering of <8.1 other hazards. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:14 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES CORRESPO NG SCAM INTENSITY DESCRIPTION OF EFFECTS RICHTER E limirn MAGNJTU E CATASTROPHIC Total destruction;trees fall;ground rises and falls in >8.1 waves. Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency 5.5.2 Location and Spatial Extent The eastern and northern parts of Georgia are subject to the most significant earthquake risk in the state,with the western and southeast region most vulnerable to a very damaging earthquake.The state is affected by both the Charleston Fault in South Carolina and the Eastern Tennessee Fault in Tennessee. The Charleston Fault has generated earthquakes measuring greater than 8 on the Richter Scale during the last 200 years,and this is the fault that is most likely to impact Augusta-Richmond County. Figure 5.5 shows the intensity level associated with Augusta-Richmond County, based on the national USGS map of peak acceleration with 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years. This is the probability that ground motion will reach a certain level during an earthquake. The data show peak horizontal ground acceleration (the fastest measured change in speed,for a particle at ground level that is moving horizontally due to an earthquake)with a 2 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years.The map was compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Geologic Hazards Team, which conducts global investigations of earthquake, geomagnetic, and landslide hazards. According to this map, Augusta- Richmond County lies within an approximate zone of 10 to 20%g peak ground acceleration. This indicates that the county as a whole exists within an area of moderate seismic risk. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:15 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.5: UNITED STATES EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAP s' a' us seismic Hazard `w "12161,1:0605°Yeats PGA � fa " K,, •* a i itk.. ,"„ w P;14 04X• y ; , "§ -.. Ma 4tt� - i ,C�sf . rr- r 'Yw .` JJ.... ? "mt ! r+. -4.':4t_ `�. i Z i «., 4S s^ I�sM � - a�ti• � ^„ --,- y '\ M ' palm • Tamara. .! ''+ L S+f__�.. k�'`r` y i � '` 'yes �OFM�MI • 1...".-1'-'. .+ J. i , Mar '' ---- 1 • G. r fig. Omar.s Vgifr:::::iirttti,4,,,,,,,,c-•.s.-?...!.k.f. 1 alt - 1--LIL'' i t.y.,44.- - 'r {"'"4r i �i f } t.Y a. • .---, l�tarrr! ` '::. .^_. a ". Source:United States Geological Survey,2014 5.5.3 Historical Occurrences At least twenty-four earthquakes are known to have affected Augusta-Richmond County since 1800.The strongest of these measured a VIII on the Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)scale. Table 5.12 provides a summary of earthquake events reported by the National Geophysical Data Center between 1638 and 1985 and Figure 5.6 presents a map showing earthquakes whose epicenters have occurred near the county between 1985 and 2015 (no earthquakes occurred within the county boundaries during this period). Table 5.13 shows a detailed occurrence of each event including the date, distance from the epicenter, magnitude,and Modified Mercalli Intensity(if known).s TABLE 5.12:SUMMARY OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Number of Location Greatest MMI Description of Greatest Occurrences Reported MMI Impacts Moving cars uncontrollable; Augusta Richmond County 21 VIII masonry fractures,poorly constructed buildings damaged Blythe 0 -- -- 5 Due to reporting mechanisms,not all earthquakes events were recorded during this time.Furthermore,some are missing data, such as the epicenter location,due to a lack of widely used technology.In these instances,a value of"unknown"is reported. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:16 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Number of Greatest MMI Description of Greatest Location Occurrences Reported MMI Impacts Fort Gordon 3 VI Trees sway;suspended objects swing,objects fall off shelves Hephzibah 0 -- -- AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 24 VIII -- Source:National Geophysical Data Center FIGURE 5.6: HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES WITH EPICENTERS NEAR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY (1985-2015) Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community Richter Magnitude Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acc ckCounry Augusta • <3.00 •• 0 5 • 20 lies Lexington Cok'nty Blythe • 3.00-3.99 Fort Gordon 0 4.00-4.99 Edgdbald County Hephzibah 0 5.00-6 00 u, ' • IJ Surrounding Counties • >6 00 • Tskaterro County Columbia County Aiken County McOuf le County • Warren County • • Hancock Count County Glascock County • Jefferson County Burke County Allendale Washington County Screven County I/ Jenkins County I ( Source:United States Geological Survey,2016 TABLE 5.13:SIGNIFICANT SEISMIC EVENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY(1638-1985) Location Date Epicentral Distance (km) Magnitude MMI Augusta-Richmond County Augusta-Richmond County 2/7/1812 777 7.4 5 Augusta-Richmond County 1/5/1843 762 Not Available 4 Augusta-Richmond County 11/2/1875 61 Not Available 6 Augusta-Richmond County 9/1/1886 193 Not Available 8 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:17 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Location Date Epicentral Distance (km) Magnitude MMI Augusta-Richmond County 10/22/1886 193 Not Available 6 Augusta-Richmond County 1/24/1903 Not Available Not Available 3 Augusta-Richmond County 4/19/1907 193 Not Available 5 Augusta-Richmond County 9/22/1914 171 Not Available 2 Augusta-Richmond County 2/21/1916 231 Not Available 4 Augusta-Richmond County 10/18/1916 393 Not Available 2 Augusta-Richmond County 10/20/1924 179 Not Available 2 Augusta-Richmond County 7/29/1943 Not Available Not Available 3 Augusta-Richmond County 7/26/1945 122 5.6 3 Augusta-Richmond County 8/3/1959 234 Not Available 5 Augusta-Richmond County 3/12/1960 280 Not Available 4 Augusta-Richmond County 11/9/1968 775 5.3 4 Augusta-Richmond County 11/20/1969 445 4.3 4 Augusta-Richmond County 5/19/1971 127 3.4 4 Augusta-Richmond County 2/3/1972 144 4.5 5 Augusta-Richmond County 8/2/1974 66 4.9 4 Augusta-Richmond County 11/6/1983 181 3.3 2 Blythe None Reported -- -- -- -- Fort Gordon None Reported -- -- -- -- Hephzibah Hephzibah 9/1/1886 200 Not Available 6 Hephzibah 2/3/1972 159 4.5 4 Hephzibah 8/2/1974 71 4.9 3 Source:National Geophysical Data Center 5.5.4 Probability of Future Occurrences The probability of significant, damaging earthquake events affecting Augusta-Richmond County is likely as indicated by Figure 5.7 which shows the forecasted frequency of an earthquake that would result in shaking capable of causing damage. It is possible that future earthquakes resulting in moderate to strong perceived shaking and damages that are substantial will affect the county.The annual probability level for the county is estimated between 10 and 100 percent(likely). Augusta-Richmond g and County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:18 February 2017 mais SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.7: FORECASTED FREQUENCY OF EARTHQUAKE SHAKING CAPABLE OF CAUSING DAMAGE WITHIN THE UNITED STATES Forecasted Frequency of Earthquake Shaking Capable of Causing Damage 1%ithin the United States Il.r rinn1 of Y.vnat.d lld.tl•.{S'1SP.J.ntl k,.l\4..rthe\k.bI4\k,..&Irem.V..:ak1n....hi..1A,.... ;.lilt.. ,..uI.....I....tu.J,.h... Q4.. r.4n4. .^4.-4.,'''''''''''.'"Z"' 1.hd...k.d l'•,'V ,fl u.11..m,,.mx•n,.+c.,.nnV:tiusttur.'... 4u,t..,4I45' *544,5 Iw W nia.MI...5..i...1. tqt!nw.tn.1.,Wmp(W u..V lh.1 44'55\ a14.•.un.fl4lyd\I.I{...x 15 p. y.W.J'IA'I♦I .,.. .....v,.u. ...:1 14.U.J. Yx ...+n tv%. N Iti.,X...,.5.I -1 w..Inn e.a.4ek44 T-`.Y..h,.h ^•£>.4 ,.n ..4h5l...I. K Mill.4\I I.II....r.dl Inyucrv:. "4•+444Ittt.l..r.}.m•.nh.4fiI'•_'S'..*.kt,ndxmr.rlr to n..urtcti.. fihiM..w .1.,14 1.I.'..',,,Min 4 f._._._____—.} ' !Frequency 1 in\`ft\••11. 1 1 iso mednun, tri fr l,r 4__44 tt r rait.,.., : IF a4 t ir .I I.r, X C , r 4i 1 ti 3t RSA 124t."'' lk. #' _ Yz'k' + ' .k. p '` .. y��ty „�i't* '� 3. 'tlRl� YlLkv t �r �, 1 #'3 T ?. i 4ti... IL I t .' IN, ' FEMA toakle .r► ,,,, IF.,,h.. 1. ��1„.,,4,...:4444 W p4 1443„,„ ,14 t 3 41 ll l O Source:National Geophysical Data Center 5.5.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Earthquakes in Augusta-Richmond County generally are not high impact events that cause injuryor death as most are moderate. The public typically experiences some shaking in these events and the greatest threat to health and well-being is often from objects falling from shelves. Public confidence would likely not be affected drastically in the event of an earthquake. Responders There would be little impact on responders in the event of an earthquake, again, because Augusta- Richmond County is only likely to experience a moderate earthquake magnitude. Since there would be likely only minor damage to infrastructure, responders would likely not be impacted in their ability to respond to an earthquake. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:19 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Continuity of Operations During and after an earthquake, continuity of operations could relatively easily be maintained and there would likely be little disruption to services or operations. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Ground shaking is the primary cause of damage to the built environment during an earthquake. There are three important variables that determine the amount of damage: the intensity of the quake, local soil characteristics, and the quality of the impacted structures. The amount of damage caused by an earthquake is strongly influenced by soil characteristics. The velocity at which the rock or soil transmits shear waves is the main contributor to ground shaking. Shaking is increased by soft, thick, or wet soil types. Certain building types are particularly vulnerable to earthquake damage: wood-frame multi-unit buildings, single-family homes, mobile homes, and unreinforced masonry buildings.' The most susceptible structures are wood-frame, multi-story, mixed-use buildings that have large openings on the first floor for garages or commercial space and housing on the upper floors. During an earthquake,these types of structures could sway or even collapse. HAZUS-MH estimates that approximately 76 percent of the total building stock within the county is built of wood. Single-family homes built prior to the 1970s are often not bolted to their foundations, and walls surrounding crawl spaces are not braced (i.e., cripple walls). Typical earthquake damage to these structures include cracked foundations, chimneys breaking at the roof line, wood frames coming off their foundations,and racking of cripple walls. Mobile homes that are built of light-weight metal or a combination of steel frame and wood are easily damaged by a quake. Mobile homes installed prior to 1995 were often not attached to their foundations and could shift off their supports. Based on data from HAZUS-MH, manufactured homes make up approximately 9 percent of the county's building stock. The last type of susceptible building material is unreinforced masonry—masonry walls that have not been reinforced with steel.These buildings were often built before 1960 in an era when reinforcing was not generally used, anchorage to floors and roofs was missing, and use of low-strength lime mortar was common. Earthquake damage to these buildings can be severe. A lack of reinforcement and tie-downs can result in substantial damage in the form of cracked or leaning walls. Damage may also occur between the walls, and separation between the framing and walls could lead to full collapse due to a lack of vertical support. HAZUS-MH reports that around 8 percent of the buildings within the county are unreinforced masonry buildings. Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Critical infrastructure and key resources within Augusta-Richmond County include assets, systems, and networks that are vital to the continued operation of government services. The incapacitation or destruction of these resources would have a debilitating effect on the county's security, economy, and/or public health. There are a handful of key resource categories that could be impacted by an earthquake including transportation systems, communication systems, and utility systems. Historically, the county has not been impacted by an earthquake with more than a moderate intensity so damage to 6 Association of Bay Area Governments.(2012).Guide to housing vulnerable resources.Retrieved January 3,2017,from http://quake.abag.ca.gov/housing/ Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:20 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES these resources would be very minor; however, an inspection of certain features after a strongly felt earthquake may be necessary. Economy There are three primary sources of economic loss associated with an earthquake in Richmond County: property damage and business interruption costs; cost to repair public transportation, communication, or utility systems; and debris removal costs. Historically, there have been no major economic losses from earthquakes felt within the county. Environment There would be no substantial impacts to the environment following a large earthquake that is felt in Augusta-Richmond County with a moderate intensity. Secondary effects from the damage of the key resources mentioned above (e.g., utility systems) could impact the environment, but the probability of this type of situation is very small. Damage to a facility that houses chemicals or hazardous materials may release these dangerous materials cause damage to the surrounding environment. 5.6 EXTREME HEAT 5.6.1 Background Extreme heat, like drought, poses little risk to property. However, extreme heat can have devastating effects on health. Extreme heat is often referred to as a "heat wave."According to the National Weather Service, there is no universal definition for a heat wave, but the standard U.S. definition is any event lasting at least three days where temperatures reach ninety degrees Fahrenheit or higher. However, it may also be defined as an event at least three days long where temperatures are ten degrees greater than the normal temperature for the affected area. Heat waves are typically accompanied by humidity but may also be very dry.These conditions can pose serious health threats causing an average of 1,500 deaths each summer in the United States.' According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, heat is the number one weather- related killer among natural hazards, followed by frigid winter temperatures. The National Weather Service devised the Heat Index as a mechanism to better inform the public of heat dangers. The Heat Index Chart, shown in Figure 5.8, uses air temperature and humidity to determine the heat index or apparent temperature. Table 5.14 shows the dangers associated with different heat index temperatures. Some populations, such as the elderly and young, are more susceptible to heat danger than other segments of the population. 7 http://www.noaawatch.gov/themes/heat.php Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:21 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.8: HEAT INDEX CHART Relative Humidity(in percent) oto 11120 ® 30 1® 40 Eli 50 D 60 6s ' 70 Im so!®, 90 95 ; loo 140 i01111111. MIMI 130 •1111,11111111•••MUM El IIII 1111.111 {• 111111111EIEEt 1.1111111 IN•1111111111111.1,1.1111111111111 - 120El Air ®, ��IN�I1110 110 ••••111•11111111.1 Templos ©ca too,102 (In ') 100 91 '®0©®_EJ® 95 ®0 0®®D©1!D1101{104 •f� 90 DDD 86 ®,D'Dm®tD®0100 ® D,®lm, 80 ,D®�D;© DGD 89.DDDDI D 192 80 Dip El'76 mimYD 79 79 80 PDC!©tm 86 86 1'I®_~Q 89 91 ®. 69 . 69-t70 m®,m1®®mmm��� 76�mmm,m 79 79 80 70 64 � 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 1 68 air] 69 69 70 70 70 70 m'®m,m 72 Source:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration TABLE 5.14: HEAT DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HEAT INDEX TEMPERATURE Heat Index Temperature Description of Risks (Fahrenheit) 80°-90° Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity ,_105 Sunstroke,heat cramps,and heat exhaustion possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity Sunstroke,heat cramps,and heat exhaustion likely,and heatstroke possible with prolonged exposure and/or physical activity Heatstroke or sunstroke is highly likely with continued exposure Source:National Weather Service,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration In addition, the National Weather Service issues a number of heat-related cautions in order to better inform and warn the public of heat dangers.These are outlined below in Table 5.15. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:22 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.15: NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HEAT-RELATED ALERTS Alert Type Description of Alert An Excessive Heat Warning is issued within 12 hours of the onset of extremely Excessive Heat Warning dangerous heat conditions.The general rule of thumb for this Warning is when the maximum heat index temperature is expected to be 105°F or higher for at least 2 days and night time air temperatures will not drop below 75°F. Heat watches are issued when conditions are favorable for an excessive heat event Excessive Heat Watch in the next 24 to 72 hours.A Watch is used when the risk of a heat wave has increased but its occurrence and timing is still uncertain. A Heat Advisory is issued within 12 hours of the onset of extremely dangerous heat Heat Advisory conditions.The general rule of thumb for this Advisory is when the maximum heat index temperature is expected to be 100°F or higher for at least 2 days,and night time air temperatures will not drop below 75°F. Excessive Heat Outlooks are issued when the potential exists for an excessive heat Excessive Heat Outlook event in the next 3-7 days.An Outlook provides information to those who need considerable lead-time to prepare for the event. Source:National Weather Service,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration People living in urban areas are often most vulnerable to heat events because stagnant atmospheric conditions trap pollutants, thus adding unhealthy air to excessively hot temperatures. In addition, the "urban heat island effect" can produce significantly higher nighttime temperatures because asphalt and concrete(which store heat longer)gradually release heat at night. Finally, it should be noted that elderly and aging populations—one of the fastest growing age demographics nationally—are highly vulnerable to heat-related illnesses. 5.6.2 Location and Spatial Extent Excessive heat typically impacts a large area and cannot be confined to any geographic or political boundaries,so the entire county is susceptible to extreme heat conditions. 5.6.3 Historical Occurrences According to the Piedmont Together Climate Adaptation Report, the 10 warmest years in recorded history have occurred since 1997. Although data from the National Climatic Data Center was evaluated to determine historical extreme heat and heat wave events in Augusta-Richmond County, it did not report any events. As such, the planning team collected data from the Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network's weather stations website. This site includes high and low temperatures for each day of the year at several weather stations across Georgia. Even though no stations are located directly in Augusta,there are several nearby stations that can provide information that is likely comparable to temperatures within the county. Stations at Clarks- Hill, South Carolina and Dearing, Georgia were used to collect historic high temperatures from the last ten years. Table 5.16 includes the data collected from these stations and shows that many years, the highest recorded temperature was well above 95°F. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:23 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.16: HIGHEST RECORDED ANNUAL TEMPERATURES AT SELECTED WEATHER STATIONS Year Clarks-Hill, SC Dearing,GA 2007 105.4°F 105.2°F 2008 101.7°F 101.8°F 2009 99.9°F 98.8°F 2010 101.5°F 101.5°F 2011 102.4°F 103.1°F 2012 106.2°F 110.4°F 2013 95.3°F 95.4°F 2014 98.9°F 99.7°F 2015 101.2°F 100.3°F 2016 100.6°F 99.2°F Source:Georgia Automated Environmental Monitoring Network 5.6.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Based on historical occurrence information, it is assumed that all of Augusta-Richmond County has a probability level of highly likely (near 100 percent annual probability) for future extreme heat events to impact the county. Additionally, according to the National Climate Assessment, the increase in the number of days over 95°F is likely to increase over the 30 to 50 years when compared to a baseline over the last 30 years of the 20th century. Figure 5.9 shows both the baseline, historical number of days over 95°F from 1971 to 2000 and the projection for the 2041 to 2070 period. Figure 5.10 shows the projected change in number of days between the historic data and the projected data. This increase in days of extreme heat due to climate change will likely result in a higher number of rolling brown/blackouts and decreased air quality in the county. FIGURE 5.9: NUMBER OF DAYS OVER 95 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT Histories Climate (1971-2000) Projection (2041-2070) 14, .# Number of Days 0 15 30 45 60 75 Source:National Climate Assessment Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:24 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.10: PROJECTED CHANGE IN NUMBER OF DAYS OVER 95 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT otir 1110.6* I thsn9e in Number of Days 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source:National Climate Assessment 5.6.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Extreme heat can affect many people and to varying degrees. Often the elderly and very young are susceptible to the most detrimental impacts, but heat stroke and exhaustion can plague anyone. A heat wave or extreme heat event would have minimal effects on public confidence as these events are frequent and the public likely understands the potential impacts. Responders Extreme heat can also affect responders who are often more susceptible to heat stroke and exhaustion due to the nature of their workwhich often forces police and emergency medical providers to be exposed to the elements. In these cases, responders could be negatively impacted by extreme heat and will need to protect themselves by preparing accordingly. Continuity of Operations Extreme heat would likely have few impacts on continuity of operations as the warning time for these events is usually long and direct impacts to large numbers of personnel or other resources necessary to maintain operations are unlikely. If air conditioning systems in operations centers break down due to overuse,operations could be interrupted or forced to move to secondary facilities. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:25 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Extreme heat would likely have a minor effect on the built environment, although high temperatures could potentially put a strain on infrastructure such as power generation and water systems due to higher demand. Economy An extreme heat event could potentially have a negative impact on the economy in the short term as the public may be advised to stay inside,causing them to reduce overall spending and negatively impact businesses in the community. Extended periods of extreme heat may also disrupt the local economy if agricultural, dairy, and livestock production declines, resulting in income loss for famers and others affected. Environment The environment would be impacted by extreme heat as many plants and animals that are not able to withstand the heat may die off and crops and livestock may be impacted by unusually high temperatures, resulting in death or illness. 5.7 FLOODING 5.7.1 Background Flooding is the most frequent and costly natural hazard in the United States and is a hazard that has caused more than 10,000 deaths since 1900. Nearly 90 percent of presidential disaster declarations result from natural events where flooding was a major component. Floods generally result from excessive precipitation and can be classified under two categories: general floods, which are defined by precipitation over a given river basin for a long period of time along with storm-induced wave action, and flash floods,the product of heavy localized precipitation in a short time period over a given location. The severity of a flooding event is typically determined by a combination of several major factors, including stream and river basin topography and physiography, precipitation and weather patterns, recent soil moisture conditions, and the degree of vegetative clearing and impervious surface. General floods are usually long-term events that may last for several days. The primary types of general flooding include riverine, coastal, and urban flooding. Riverine flooding is a function of excessive precipitation levels and water runoff volumes within the watershed of a stream or river. Coastal flooding is typically a result of storm surge, wind-driven waves, and heavy rainfall produced by hurricanes, tropical storms, and other large coastal storms. Urban flooding occurs where manmade development has obstructed the natural flow of water and decreased the ability of natural groundcover to absorb and retain surface water runoff. Most flash flooding is caused by slow-moving thunderstorms in a local area or by heavy rains associated with hurricanes and tropical storms. However,flash flooding events may also occur from a dam or levee failure within minutes or hours of heavy amounts of rainfall or from a sudden release of water held by a retention basin or other stormwater control facility. Although flash flooding occurs most often along mountain streams, it is also common in urbanized areas where much of the ground is covered by impervious surfaces. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:26 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES The periodic flooding of lands adjacent to rivers, streams, and shorelines (land known as a floodplain) is a natural and inevitable occurrence that can be expected to take place based upon established recurrence intervals. The recurrence interval of a flood is defined as the average time interval, in years, expected between a flood event of a particular magnitude and an equal or larger flood. Flood magnitude increases with increasing recurrence interval. Floodplains are designated by the frequency of the flood that is large enough to cover them. For example,the 10-year floodplain will be covered by the 10-year flood and the 100-year floodplain by the 100-year flood. Flood frequencies, such as the 100-year flood, are determined by plotting a graph of the size of all known floods for an area and determining how often floods of a particular size occur. Another way of expressing the flood frequency is the chance of occurrence in a given year, which is the percentage of the probability of flooding each year. For example, the 100-year flood has a 1 percent chance of occurring in any given year and the 500-year flood has a 0.2 percent chance of occurring in any given year. 5.7.2 Location and Spatial Extent There are areas in Augusta-Richmond County that are susceptible to flood events. Special flood hazard areas in Augusta-Richmond County were mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) and FEMA Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRM).8 This includes Zone A(1-percent annual chance floodplain), Zone AE (1-percent annual chance floodplain with elevation) and Zone X500(0.2-percent annual chance floodplain). There are also some areas within the county that are designated as levee protected areas. According to GIS analysis, of the 320.9 square miles of land that make up Augusta-Richmond County, there are 82.6 square miles of land in zone A and AE (1-percent annual chance floodplain/100-year floodplain) and 5.8 square miles of land in zone X500 (0.2-percent annual chance floodplain/500-year floodplain). These flood zone values account for 19.7 percent of the total land area in Augusta- Richmond County. It is important to note that while FEMA digital flood data is recognized as best available data for planning purposes, it does not always reflect the most accurate and up-to-date flood risk. Flooding and flood-related losses often do occur outside of delineated special flood hazard areas. Figure 5.11, Figure 5.12, Figure 5.13, and Figure 5.14 illustrate the location and extent of currently mapped special flood hazard areas for Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities based on best available FEMA DFIRM data. 8 The county-level DFIRM used for Augusta-Richmond County was updated in 2011. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:27 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.11:SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community n us Roans Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan . Augusta /\/stale Roads © $ 2 4 8 Blythe Interstate .. _.-N Fort Gordon 1.0 percent annual chance hood ares Hephzbah S 0.2 percent annual thence hood area 7 in Surrounding Counties Levee Protected Area k. tff 4i1A „. , Z Aiken County cokanbia county Mcpulfie Cou C , © Nr t ` t County Burke Com `° Joffe d 0 Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:28 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.12:SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS IN BLYTHE Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community /�/US Roads Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta /�/State Roads 0 0.25 0.5� 1 Miles Blythe Interstate Fort Gordon 1.0 percent annual chance flood area Hephzibah s 0.2 percent annual chance flood area Q lJ Surrounding Counties Levee Protected Area ,T� b, 0 .isx 5Q Nil t'; n F 4 g; J , 'y' 'fir f.- i t Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:29 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.13:SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS IN FORT GORDON Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia • Community 7"/US Roads Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta "/State Roads 0 0 - Miles Blythe Interstate Fort Gordon 1.0 percent annual chance flood area OP Hephzibah S 0.2 percent annual chance flood area (J Surrounding Counties Levee Protected Area `. Columbia County ' r McDuffie Co my :, L :-,, _ . '101,"••• 1., '7 '',:- l'..c.:1 (\elt EST t 4 j a Jefferson County �^� Burke County Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:30 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.14: SPECIAL FLOOD HAZARD AREAS IN HEPHZIBAH Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia l Community "/US Roads Multi-Jurisdictional -sdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta /\/State Roads ..R 0`; Q, #„53 Blythe Interstate .. liat 1 f I ) Miles Fort Fort Gordon 1.0 percent annual chance flood area Hephzibah S 0.2 percent annual chance flood area rosk. i - \d Surrounding Counties ' Levee Protected Area Q , r ,,„...,.. <0 , \ ,,, ii/NN _____-.7 ( d Burke County *: i.... Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency 5.7.3 Historical Occurrences Information from the National Climatic Data Center was used to ascertain historical flood events. The National Climatic Data Center reported a total of 24 events throughout Augusta-Richmond County since 1996.9 A summary of these events is presented in Table 5.17.These events accounted for over$800,000 (2016 dollars) in property damage throughout the county.10 Specific information on flood events for each jurisdiction, including date,type of flooding, and deaths and injuries,can be found in Table 5.18. TABLE 5.17: SUMMARY OF FLOOD OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Number of Property Damage Location Deaths/ Injuries Occurrences (2016) Augusta-Richmond County 23 0/0 $845,826 9 These flood events are only inclusive of those reported by the National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)from 1996 through 2016. It is likely that additional occurrences have occurred and have gone unreported in Augusta-Richmond County. 10 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:31 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Location Number of Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage Occurrences (2016) Blythe 0 0/0 $0 Fort Gordon 1 0/0 $2,066 Hephzibah 0 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 24 0/0 $847,892 Source:National Climatic Data Center TABLE 5.18: HISTORICAL FLOOD OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Date Type Deaths/ Property Injuries Damage* Augusta-Richmond County NORTHERN HALF 3/7/1996 Flash Flood 0/0 $613,504 AUGUSTA 12/24/1997 Flash Flood 0/0 $2,999 AUGUSTA 3/8/1998 Flash Flood 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 9/3/1998 Flash Flood 0/0 $0 COUNTYWIDE 6/20/2000 Flash Flood 0/0 $0 COUNTYWIDE 5/30/2002 Flash Flood 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/18/2003 Flash Flood 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 8/8/2003 Flash Flood 0/0 $0 (AGS)BUSH FLD AUGUSTA 1/25/2010 Flash Flood 0/0 $22,072 AVONDALE 8/7/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $10,481 LAKEMONT 8/7/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $83,851 LAKEMONT 8/7/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $16,770 NATIONAL HILLS 8/7/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $62,888 PEACH ORCHARD 8/7/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $10,481 DE BRUCE 8/11/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $4,193 DE BRUCE 8/11/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $4,193 DE BRUCE 8/11/2012 Flash Flood 0/0 $2,096 NATIONAL HILLS 7/10/2013 Flash Flood 0/0 $4,132 NATIONAL HILLS 7/11/2013 Flash Flood 0/0 $2,066 AUGUSTA 6/24/2014 Flash Flood 0/0 $1,017 AUGUSTA DANIEL ARPT 6/24/2014 Flash Flood 0/0 $2,033 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 6/24/2014 Flash Flood 0/0 $2,033 AUGUSTA DANIEL ARPT 6/4/2015 Flash Flood 0/0 $1,015 Blythe None Reported -- -- -- -- Fort Gordon FORT GORDON 7/12/2013 Flash Flood 0/0 $2,066 Hephzibah None Reported -- -- -- -- *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars;All damage may not have been reported. Source:National Climatic Data Center Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:32 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.7.4 Historical Summary of Insured Flood Losses According to FEMA flood insurance policy records as of October 2016, there have been 1,064 flood losses reported in Augusta-Richmond County through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)since 1978, totaling over$3.2 million in claims payments. A summary of these figures for each community is provided in Table 5.19. It should be emphasized that these numbers include only those losses to structures that were insured through the NFIP policies, and for losses in which claims were sought and received. It is likely that many additional instances of flood loss in Augusta-Richmond County were either uninsured,denied claims payment,or not reported. TABLE 5.19:SUMMARY OF INSURED FLOOD LOSSES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Location Number of Policies Number of Claims Claims Payments Augustat 0 72 $717,751 Blythe* -- -- -- Hephzibah 2 0 $0 Augusta-Richmond County 1,062 270 $2,574,566 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 1,064 342 $3,292,317 tThis claims data pre-dates the consolidation of the city-county *Community does not participate in the NFIP. Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency,National Flood Insurance Program 5.7.5 Repetitive and Severe Repetitive Loss Properties FEMA defines a repetitive loss property as any insurable building for which two or more claims of more than $1,000 were paid by the NFIP within any rolling 10-year period, since 1978. A repetitive loss property may or may not be currently insured by the NFIP. Currently there are over 140,000 repetitive loss properties nationwide. As of October 2016, there are 36 non-mitigated repetitive loss properties located in Augusta-Richmond County, which accounted for 91 losses and over$740,000 in claims payments under the NFIP. Nearly all of the properties are single-family residential buildings (26).Ten (10) of the remaining are other types of residential and the last (1) is non-residential (commercial). Without mitigation these properties will likely continue to experience flood loses. Table 5.20 presents a summary these figures for Augusta- Richmond County. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:33 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.20:SUMMARY OF REPETITIVE Loss PROPERTIES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Location Number of Types of Number Building Average Properties Properties of Losses Payments Payment 26 single- family residential; Augusta-Richmond County 9 other residential; 1 non- 35 residential 89 $730,275 $8,205 Blythe* -- -- -- -- -- Hephzibah 1 other 1 residential 2 $10,564 $5,282 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 36 -- 91 $740,839 $8,141 Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency,Georgia Emergency Management Agency 5.7.6 Probability of Future Occurrences Flood events will remain a threat in Augusta-Richmond County, and the probability of future occurrences will remain highly likely (100 percent annual probability). The probability of future flood events based on magnitude and according to best available data is illustrated in the figure above,which indicates those areas susceptible to the 1-percent annual chance flood (100-year floodplain) and the 0.2-percent annual chance flood (500-year floodplain). It can be inferred from the floodplain location maps, previous occurrences, and repetitive loss properties that risk varies throughout Augusta-Richmond County. For example, Blythe likely has much lower risk of flood than the other communities. Additionally, according to the National Climate Assessment, the increased likelihood of extreme participation events due to climate change will result in greater risks of flash flooding and impacts from stormwater runoff in the county. Indeed,even though there may be less precipitation overall in the long term (leading to more frequent drought events),the rainfall that does occur will be more likely to occur during consolidated periods, causing heavy rainfall events that may lead to flash flooding. That is to say, that while overall precipitation may decline,flooding impacts may actually intensify as a result of climate change. This is especially true in the southeastern United States which is located in a sort of middle ground between the southwestern states (which will likely be experiencing significant declines in precipitation) and northeastern states (which will likely be experiencing significant increases in precipitation). The result will be that there are likely to be periods of both drought and substantial precipitation in the southeast going forward. 5.7.7 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) During flood events, people are often stranded and have to be rescued by first responders. Often lives are lost or people are injured. Public confidence is often impacted by flood events, especially when impacted people do not have flood insurance and are not covered by their home insurance policy. This can create public relations issues for government entities. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:34 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Responders Responders are often affected by flooding because floods can trap people in their homes or in other locations, forcing responders to put their lives at risk to return members of the public to safety. Often responders in flood situations face blocked roads and have difficulty safely protecting citizens. Continuity of Operations Flooding can impact continuity of operations by knocking out power sources and preventing emergency management personnel from being able to do their jobs properly. Floods typically have some impact on continuity of operations as they can cause severe disruption to normal operations and have done so in the past in Augusta-Richmond County. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Many buildings and structures could be impacted by a flood event. For a more detailed analysis of flood prone properties,see Section 6:Hazard Vulnerability. Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR) within Augusta-Richmond County include assets, systems, and networks that are vital to the continued operation of government services. The incapacitation or destruction of these resources would have a debilitating effect on the county's security,economy,and/or public health. Economy There are a variety of economic impacts that could result from a large-scale flood event. Perhaps the biggest impact would be that many businesses that are flooded would have to shut down at least temporarily in the wake of a flood event to repair and rebuild the structures in which they are located. Of more concern may be that, according to the National Flood Insurance Program, almost 40 percent of small businesses that are impacted by a flood never reopen their doors following the disaster. This demonstrates that the economic impact of flooding events is ongoing even after the flood waters have receded and that the long-term health of the local economy will likely be slow to recover. Environment The fluctuation of water levels in a wetland, especially flood waters, supports the biological diversity of low-lying areas by releasing nutrients into the soil and germinating wetland flora. Flooding also offers some control of invasive water weeds. Another impact is on soil that is covered by flood waters, causing the rapid depletion of oxygen which is essential for plant growth and development. Flooding may modify nutrients within the soil either by leaching or changing their availability to the plant. Impact from submersion will vary with duration and temperature, but it is notable that ongoing food supplies and other plants The full extent of injury to seedlings would be determined by the current stage of development at the time of flooding, duration of the flood event, air and soil temperatures,and the presence of axillary buds. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:35 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.8 HAIL 5.8.1 Background Hailstorms are a potentially damaging outgrowth of severe thunderstorms(thunderstorms are discussed in a separate sub-section). Early in the developmental stages of a hailstorm, ice crystals form within a low-pressure front due to the rapid rising of warm air into the upper atmosphere and the subsequent cooling of the air mass. Frozen droplets gradually accumulate on the ice crystals until they develop to a sufficient weight and fall as precipitation. Hail typically takes the form of spheres or irregularly-shaped masses greater than 0.75 inches in diameter. The size of hailstones is a direct function of the size and severity of the storm. High velocity updraft winds are required to keep hail in suspension in thunderclouds.The strength of the updraft is a function of the intensity of heating at the Earth's surface. Higher temperature gradients relative to elevation above the surface result in increased suspension time and hailstone size. Table 5.21 shows the TORRO Hailstorm Intensity Scale which is a way of measuring hail severity. TABLE 5.21:TORRO HAILSTORM INTENSITY SCALE HO Hard Hail 5 0-0.2 0-20 No damage Hi Potentially 5-15 0.2 0.6 >20 Slight general damage to plants, Damaging crops H2 Significant 10-20 0.4-0.8 >100 Significant damage to fruit,crops, vegetation Severe damage to fruit and crops, H3 Severe 20-30 0.8-1.2 >300 damage to glass and plastic structures, paint and wood scored H4 Severe 25-40 1.0-1.6 >500 Widespread glass damage,vehicle bodywork damage Wholesale destruction of glass, H5 Destructive 30-50 1.2-2.0 >800 damage to tiled roofs,significant risk of injuries H6 Destructive 40-60 1.6 2.4 Bodywork of grounded aircraft dented,brick walls pitted H7 Destructive 50-75 2.0-3.0 Severe roof damage, risk of serious injuries (Severest recorded in the British H8 Destructive 60-90 1.6-3.5 Isles)Severe damage to aircraft bodywork Super Extensive structural damage. Risk H9 Hailstorms 75-100 3.0-3.9 of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open Super Extensive structural damage. Risk H10 Hailstorms >100 >4.0 of severe or even fatal injuries to persons caught in the open *Approximate range(typical maximum size in bold),since other factors(e.g.number and density of hailstones,hail fall speed and surface wind speeds)affect severity. Source:Torro Hailstorm Intensity Scale(http://www.torro.org.uk/hscale.php) Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:36 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.8.2 Location and Spatial Extent Hailstorms frequently accompany thunderstorms, so their locations and spatial extents coincide. It is assumed that Augusta-Richmond County is uniformly exposed to severe thunderstorms; therefore, all areas of the county are equally exposed to hail which may be produced by such storms.The location of historic hail events that occurred in Augusta-Richmond County can be found in Figure 5.15. FIGURE 5.15: HISTORIC HAIL TRACKS Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community Hail Stone Diameter(inches) Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta ---0.75-1.00 e► - E• geld sou r ' e.. •2. 4 �`8 alb Blythe --- 1 0-2.00 0 .�� N Fort Gordon 2,01-300 . Hephziban --301-400 s'` ,� ,,."'� / 0 Surrounding Counties-4.01-9.99 • ,'"/St Road4 welOpor ;: N Sate Roads aititelel /\/Interstate f ® Aiken Cotati . .. .77 7 / , h 01111r a \ . i iiiir tif � McDuflei• Oir Alf " J pipr lFE3 ad Jo County Burke County 0 Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency 5.8.3 Historical Occurrences According to the National Climatic Data Center, 72 recorded hailstorm events have affected Augusta- Richmond County since 1950.11 Table 5.22 is a summary of the hail events in Augusta-Richmond County. Table 5.23 provides detailed information about each event that occurred in the county. Records from 11 These hail events are only inclusive of those reported by the National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)from 1950 through October 2016.It is likely that additional hail events have affected Augusta-Richmond County.In addition to NCDC,the North Carolina Department of Insurance office was contacted for information.As additional local data becomes available,this hazard profile will be amended. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:37 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES NCDC report hail occurrences resulted in over$30,000(2016 dollars) in property damages.12 Hail ranged in diameter from 0.75 inches to 1.75 inches. It should be noted that hail is notorious for causing substantial damage to roofs, gutters, siding, and other areas of the built environment that may not be reported to the National Climatic Data Center. Therefore, it is likely that damages are greater than the reported value. The location of historic hail events that occurred in Augusta-Richmond County can be found in Figure 5.16. TABLE 5.22:SUMMARY OF HAIL OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Number of Property Damage Location Deaths/ Injuries Occurrences (2016) Augusta-Richmond County 55 0/0 $30,716 Blythe 0 0/0 $0 Fort Gordon 6 0/0 $0 Hephzibah 11 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 72 0/0 $30,716 Source:National Climatic Data Center TABLE 5.23: HISTORICAL HAIL OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Date Magnitude Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage* Augusta-Richmond County RICHMOND CO. 5/12/1955 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/28/1962 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/21/1967 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/12/1971 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/28/1972 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 10/4/1979 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 2/16/1982 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 2/16/1982 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/10/1982 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/15/1983 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 1.25 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/17/1984 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/2/1985 1.50 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/2/1985 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/26/1986 1.50 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/30/1988 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 1/29/1990 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 Augusta 3/31/1993 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 1/2/1996 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 12 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:38 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date Magnitude Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage* AUGUSTA AIRPORT 1/2/1996 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 3/15/1996 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/7/1996 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 4/22/1997 1.75 in. 0/0 $14,994 AUGUSTA 4/3/1998 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 4/8/1998 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 4/22/1998 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/10/1998 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/16/1998 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/19/1998 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/19/1998 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 3/31/2002 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 3/31/2002 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 3/31/2002 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/3/2002 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/3/2002 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/6/2003 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 2/21/2005 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 4/22/2005 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 2/13/2007 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/12/2007 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 MC BEAN 3/15/2008 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/20/2008 1.25 in. 0/0 $0 MC BEAN 8/16/2008 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 8/11/2009 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 7/31/2010 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 GRACEWOOD 6/21/2011 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 (AGS)BUSH FLD AUGUSTA 8/13/2011 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 2/24/2012 1.75 in. 0/0 $15,772 BEL AIR 4/3/2012 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 MC BEAN 7/5/2012 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 MC BEAN 9/17/2014 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 Blythe None Reported -- -- -- -- Fort Gordon FT GORDON 2/21/2005 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 2/21/2005 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 5/10/2005 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 5/20/2005 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 12/4/2005 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 7/5/2012 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 Hephzibah HEPHZEBAH 3/17/1996 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 6/10/1998 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 5/3/2002 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 5/10/2005 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:39 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date Magnitude Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage* HEPHZIBAH 7/29/2005 0.75 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 12/28/2005 0.88 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 2/13/2007 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 5/20/2008 1.75 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 5/26/2011 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 5/26/2011 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 6/21/2011 1.00 in. 0/0 $0 *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars;All damage may not have been reported. Source:National Climatic Data Center FIGURE 5.16: HISTORIC HAIL TRACKS Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community Hall Stone Diamear(inches) Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta -0 7-1.00 �1►, g.cw ® ,2 4 .--15 " $.O� ,_ Blythe ..��... 1.01•3.00 W' Q Fort -Gordon 2.01 3.00 0 N. ;. ,� 4 Hephzibah -- 301-400 `/- Ai 0 Surroundng Counees-4.01-999 • "/US Roads /State Roads /� elkMI - "/Interstate r>o Op r y,. O Aiken County )4 • lir , 1 M • McDufie Cou laic o 1 411101r i. ci te County Burke County 0 iy Source:NOAA 5.8.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Based on historical occurrence information, it is assumed that the probability of future hail occurrences is highly likely (100 percent annual probability). Since hail is an atmospheric hazard (coinciding with thunderstorms), it is expected that future hail events will frequently continue to cause minor damage to homes and other personal property throughout the county. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:40 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.8.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Hail can have a negative impact on the public as it can often cause injury if people are struck by hail stones. Often the impoverished or homeless are detrimentally impacted if they cannot find shelter, but hail can impact anyone. There would be little negative impact on public confidence as hail events are frequent and generally do not engender distrust in the local community's governing ability. Responders Hail can also affect responders who are often more susceptible to hail events due to the nature of their work which often forces police and emergency medical providers to be exposed to the elements. In these cases,responders could be negatively impacted by hail. Continuity of Operations Hail would likely have some impacts on continuity of operations as the warning time for these events is usually shorter and hail stones could potentially knock out power supplies or other critical resources which would affect operations temporarily. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Hail can often have a significant effect on the built environment, depending on the size of the hail stones. Often these can damage roofs or other parts of homes and businesses as they are essentially rocks that are being propelled at high speeds. Hail can affect most any type of facility or infrastructure as well,causing damage to the structure. Economy A hailstorm could negatively impact the economy to some degree if the damage from the storm is large enough. Often hail causes a great deal of damage to personal property such as cars and homes, and these impacts would hurt the overall economy due to recovery efforts. Environment Hail often has a serious effect on crops and other plants and has been known to cause millions of dollars'worth of damage to farmers. It can also negatively impact livestock,as well as any flora or fauna that is not properly sheltered. However,overall impacts to the environment would be relatively small. 5.9 HURRICANE/TROPICAL STORM 5.9.1 Background Hurricanes and tropical storms are classified as cyclones and defined as any closed circulation developing around a low-pressure center in which the winds rotate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (or clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere) and whose diameter averages 10 to 30 miles across. A tropical cyclone refers to any such circulation that develops over tropical waters. Tropical cyclones act as a "safety-valve," limiting the continued build-up of heat and energy in tropical regions by maintaining the atmospheric heat and moisture balance between the tropics and the pole-ward Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:41 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES latitudes. The primary damaging forces associated with these storms are high-level sustained winds, heavy precipitation,and tornadoes. The key energy source for a tropical cyclone is the release of latent heat from the condensation of warm water. Their formation requires a low-pressure disturbance, warm sea surface temperature, rotational force from the spinning of the earth, and the absence of wind shear in the lowest 50,000 feet of the atmosphere. The majority of hurricanes and tropical storms form in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico during the official Atlantic hurricane season,which encompasses the months of June through November. The peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is in early to mid-September and the average number of storms that reach hurricane intensity per year in the Atlantic basin is about six. As an incipient hurricane develops, barometric pressure (measured in millibars or inches) at its center falls and winds increase. If the atmospheric and oceanic conditions are favorable, it can intensify into a tropical depression. When maximum sustained winds reach or exceed 39 miles per hour, the system is designated a tropical storm, given a name, and is closely monitored by the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida. When sustained winds reach or exceed 74 miles per hour the storm is deemed a hurricane. Hurricane intensity is further classified by the Saffir-Simpson Scale (Table 5.24), which rates hurricane intensity on a scale of 1 to 5,with 5 being the most intense. TABLE 5.24:SAFFIR-SIMPSON SCALE Cst� xunum Susta n'ed 3nIm on Surface WINIPM .1FressureNittlbats ` 1 74-95 Greater than 980 2 96-110 979-965 111-129 964-945 130-156 944-920 157+ Less than 920 Source: National Hurricane Center(2012) The Saffir-Simpson Scale categorizes hurricane intensity linearly based upon maximum sustained winds and barometric pressure, which are combined to estimate potential damage. Categories 3, 4, and 5 are classified as"major" hurricanes and,while hurricanes within this range comprise only 20 percent of total tropical cyclone landfalls, they account for over 70 percent of the damage in the United States. Table 5.25 describes the damage that could be expected for each category of hurricane. Damage during hurricanes may also result from spawned tornadoes, storm surge, and inland flooding associated with heavy rainfall that usually accompanies these storms. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:42 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.25: HURRICANE DAMAGE CLASSIFICATIONS Storm Damage Description of Damages Ph. Category. Level _ Exam No real damage to building structures.Damage primarily to 1 MINIMAL unanchored mobile homes,shrubbery,and trees.Also,some _' coastal flooding and minor pier damage. Some roofing material,door,and window damage. Considerable damage to vegetation,mobile homes,etc. 2 MODERATE Flooding damages piers and small craft in unprotected moorings may break their moorings. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings,with a minor amount of curtainwall failures.Mobile EXTENSIVE homes are destroyed.Flooding near the coast destroys smaller ov structures,with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Y Terrain may be flooded well inland. More extensive curtainwall failures with some complete roof EXTREME structure failure on small residences.Major erosion of beach areas.Terrain may be flooded well inland. Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings.Some complete building failures with small utility CATASTROPHIC buildings blown over or away.Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline.Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. Source:National Hurricane Center;Federal Emergency Management Agency 5.9.2 Location and Spatial Extent Hurricanes and tropical storms threaten the entire Atlantic and Gulf seaboard of the United States. While coastal areas are most directly exposed to the brunt of landfalling storms, their impact is often felt hundreds of miles inland and they can affect Augusta-Richmond County. All areas in Augusta- Richmond County are equally susceptible to hurricane and tropical storms. 5.9.3 Historical Occurrences According to the National Hurricane Center's historical storm track records, 74 hurricane/tropical storm tracks have passed within 75 miles of Augusta-Richmond County since 1850.13 This includes 20 hurricanes, 21 tropical storms,and 33 tropical depressions. Of the recorded storm events, 11 have traversed directly through Augusta-Richmond County as shown in Figure 5.17. Table 5.26 provides the date of occurrence, name (if applicable), maximum wind speed (as recorded within 75 miles of Augusta-Richmond County), and Category of the storm based on the Saffir-Simpson Scale for each event. 13 These storm track statistics do not include extra-tropical storms.Though these related hazard events are less severe in intensity, they may cause significant local impact in terms of rainfall and high winds. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:43 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.17: HISTORICAL HURRICANE STORM TRACKS WITHIN 75 MILES OF AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY tlpl( i ,� &Tom" Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Multitilurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Pian Alit �' ��/1-t Legend `ice Community SaMir Simpson Category \\ ���� Augusta / Tropical Depression �ji-�.. B / Tro ical Storm j- ..„<, P � Fort Gordon z4"����� He,. Cat 1 P ' � �, / 75 Mite Buller Carry 2 /1,4,10, id / / ��� � ii / , AN Storm Tracks Cat 3 ' Cetegoryl / ' t Category 5 1 I ''' *is imp Y "4.1164, r. 1/4111:16)«s, /,p..1 io,-A 0 _idle/0pr `6 ,,.,,,....r,nr-i 0/ f 1 ,l/� i/� ,:e'er ,�, , ,,,,,,. ,,, ,„,,A,..,,,g,iti9p--•;4 i I � .41,",, � .,..,,...,,,. , . !'fid /rte � elt e, !/407-,,,An'k; 0111PPit 4 I 1 AtA 4'illri ,- /.-le 40010r�AA �.1, Al*: , . e,rAiimirr'���"I ,�'�f!�*rze /'4, 40 ' yam VA t ts7 - `: r -......'4111L-1.12/4e.?-/ ..-.--- '`��ropr �f/f. n ', Y Ram.u.� Source:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;National Hurricane Center TABLE 5.26: HISTORICAL STORM TRACKS WITHIN 75 MILES OF AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY(1850-2016) Date of Occurrence Storm Name Maximum Wind Speed Storm Category (knots) 8/24/1851 UNNAMED 69.67 Category 1 8/27/1852 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 10/10/1852 UNNAMED 69.67 Category 1 9/9/1854 UNNAMED 85.03 Category 2 8/31/1856 UNNAMED 69.67 Category 1 9/16/1859 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 9/27/1861 NOT NAMED Not Available Tropical Depression 11/2/1861 NOT NAMED Not Available Tropical Depression 9/17/1863 NOT NAMED Not Available Tropical Depression 8/14/1867 NOT NAMED Not Available Tropical Depression 8/28/1871 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depression 10/3/1877 UNNAMED 58.60 Tropical Storm Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:44 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Maximum Wind Speed Date of Occurrence Storm Name Storm Category (knots) 9/10/1882 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 9/11/1884 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 9/23/1885 UNNAMED 69.67 Category 1 10/12/1885 UNNAMED 58.60 Tropical Storm 6/22/1886 UNNAMED 50.35 Tropical Storm 7/1/1886 UNNAMED 64.34 Category 1 10/20/1887 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depression 9/9/1888 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 9/24/1889 UNNAMED 50.35 Tropical Storm 8/28/1893 UNNAMED 89.03 Category 2 10/3/1893 UNNAMED 50.35 Tropical Storm 10/9/1894 UNNAMED 78.78 Category 1 7/8/1896 UNNAMED 32.60 Tropical Depression 8/31/1898 UNNAMED 69.67 Category 1 9/18/1901 UNNAMED 32.60 Tropical Depression 6/15/1902 UNNAMED 32.60 Tropical Depression 9/16/1903 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depression 11/4/1904 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depression 9/18/1906 UNNAMED 69.67 Category 1 7/2/1909 UNNAMED 4.99 Tropical Depression 8/28/1911 UNNAMED 58.60 Tropical Storm 6/14/1912 UNNAMED 32.60 Tropical Depression 8/3/1915 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 9/30/1924 UNNAMED 64.34 Category 1 8/10/1928 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depression 10/1/1929 UNNAMED 58.60 Tropical Stora 9/6/1933 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storrr 9/7/1933 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depres#ion 9/5/1935 UNNAMED 64.34 Category 1 8/12/1940 UNNAMED 73.83 Category 1 10/8/1941 UNNAMED 50.35 Tropical Storm 10/8/1946 UNNAMED 64.34 Category 1 10/8/1947 UNNAMED 0.87 Tropical Depression 8/28/1949 UNNAMED 73.83 Category 1 10/22/1950 LOVE 17.56 Tropical Depression 8/31/1952 ABLE 73.83 Category 1 9/1/1953 UNNAMED 17.56 Tropical Depression 9/26/1956 FLOSSY 42.69 Tropical Storm 6/2/1959 ARLENE 0.87 Tropical Depression 9/29/1959 GRACIE 96.54 Category 3 8/29/1964 CLEO 32.6 Tropical Depression 9/13/1964 DORA 42.69 Tropical Storm 6/15/1965 UNNAMED 42.69 Tropical Storm 6/7/1968 ABBY 50.35 Tropical Storm 5/25/1970 ALMA 4.99 Tropical Depression 6/20/1972 AGNES 17.56 Tropical Depression Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:45 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date of Occurrence Storm Name Maximum Wind Speed Storm Category (knots) 9/5/1979 DAVID 73.83 Category 1 11/22/1985 KATE 73.83 Category 1 8/14/1986 CHARLEY 0.00 Tropical Depression 8/28/1988 CHRIS 42.69 Tropical Storm 10/12/1990 MARCO 0.87 Tropical Depression 6/6/1995 ALLISON 32.60 Tropical Depression 8/27/1995 JERRY 0.87 Tropical Depression 7/23/1997 DANNY 0.87 Tropical Depression 9/3/1998 EARL 50.35 Tropical Storm 9/18/2000 GORDON 4.99 Tropical Depression 9/23/2000 HELENE 4.99 Tropical Depression 6/13/2001 ALLISON 4.99 Tropical Depression 7/26/2003 UNNAMED 4.99 Tropical Depression 9/27/2004 JEANNE 17.56 Tropical Depression 6/14/2006 ALBERTO 32.60 Tropical Depression 10/8/2016t MATTHEW 95.00 Category 2 tAt the time this plan was developed,a storm track for Hurricane Matthew was not available digitally,but was definitively within 75 miles of Augusta-Richmond County Source:National Hurricane Center Hurricane Matthew (2016) had a major impact on many communities in the southeastern United States, affecting people and property from Florida to Virginia, as well as some areas in the northeast. Some additional information on this major storm is available below: Hurricane Matthew—October 8-9, 2016 Hurricane Matthew was the strongest storm on record in the Atlantic Basin during the 2016 season with peak wind speeds of around 160 miles per hour (while in the Caribbean). The storm caused more than 1,700 fatalities and 11.6 billion dollars in damages. As the storm approached Georgia, mandatory evacuation orders were issued for all areas of the state east of Interstate 95 and traffic lanes had to be reversed to support the evacuation. Over 250,000 people lost power across the state and at least 3 deaths were a result of the storm, leading to a disaster declaration for many counties. In the end, the storm was one of the most devastating to impact Georgia in many years and recovery efforts were still under way as of the writing of this plan. 5.9.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Given the inland location of the county, it is not likely to be affected by storm surge or many of the other problems that coastal counties may face when it comes to hurricanes. However, the county will still be impacted by flooding and high winds. Thus,the probability of being impacted is less than coastal areas, but still remains a real threat to Augusta-Richmond County due to induced events like flooding. Based on historical evidence, the probability level of future occurrence is likely (between 10 and 100 percent annual probability). However,when the county is impacted,the damage could be large-scale,threatening lives and property throughout the planning area. Additionally, as NOAA reports in Figure 5.18, climate change will likely cause more frequent, stronger storms in the future due to rising surface temperatures. That is to say, Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:46 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES NOAA models predict that while there may be less frequent, low-category storm events (Tropical Storms, Category 1 Hurricanes), there will be more, high-category storm events (Category 4 and 5 Hurricanes) in the future. This means that there may be fewer hurricanes overall in any given year, but when hurricanes do form, it is more likely that they will become large storms that can create massive damage. Therefore, the increased likelihood of large hurricanes due to climate change will result in greater wind damage and increased flooding in the county. FIGURE 5.18: NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION CLIMATE MODELS PROJECTION FOR FUTURE HURRICANES 115 w ;5 C al V N N 15 • Increasing intensity O o • ie -15 'a ;, 140— _ Category 4 Category 3 Ei 120— 100 is a 80_ Tropical Storm+ Category 2+3 Category 4+5 Category 1 Hurricane Hurricane Hurricane 15 60— Late 21st century Climate mode's pro,ect there wA be fewer weak to moderate-strength Atlantic 40_ hurricanes as surface temperatures rise this century.However the models predict that p a greater number of the hurricanes that do form wilt tend to strengthen to category 4 Z 20— Current climate and 5 hurricanes The bars in this graph show the average results from 18 different 0— mode's.The dots on each bar show a range of results from 4 of the 18 different 960 940 920 900 880 models.Graph courtesy of Gabriel VecChi.NOAA GFOL Minimum Central Pressure(rob) Mode's project there nil be an increase A hurricane intensities as the comate warms over the course of this century.Though there wri%likely be fewer Atlantic hurricanes overall wind speeds for the ones that do form will be about 4 percent stronger for every 1'C increase in sea surface temperature Graph courtesy of Tom Knutson NOA4 GFCL Source:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration GFDL 5.9.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) It is reasonable to assume that a number of people would be displaced from their homes and will require accommodations in temporary public shelters due to a hurricane. This hazard could potentially have a negative effect on public confidence due to the possibility of a high magnitude event and the difficulties that might arise for governments in terms of response and recovery. Responders The impacts on responders from this type of storm could potentially be very high as responders may be physically injured or killed during a storm event by flooding or high winds. In addition, their homes and personal effects could also be impacted which would limit their response capability. In terms of on-the-ground response capacity,downed trees in the wake of a hurricane often block roads and make ingress and egress difficult, thereby causing issues with response time. This is also often true Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:47 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES of the resulting floodwaters. Moreover, due to the large scale spatial impact of hurricanes and the number of citizens affected by the storm, response time will be reduced because of the number of incidents that require emergency responders. Continuity of Operations Continuity of operations in a hurricane event can be severely affected if power is lost or if critical facilities or infrastructure are damaged during an event. Although Augusta-Richmond County has a plan in place to maintain continuity of operations in the event of a storm, a hurricane with a high magnitude would likely disrupt operations to some degree due to the impacts it would have on personnel. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Many buildings and structures could be impacted by a hurricane or tropical storm event. For a detailed analysis of dollar damage to properties,see Section 6:Hazard Vulnerability. Economy In general, the economy would be severely impacted by a hurricane or tropical storm event. Due to the massive scale of these events and multiple types of impacts from flooding and high winds, commerce would definitively slow down as efforts to rebuild are undertaken after the storm. Debris Generation HAZUS-MH estimates the amount of debris that will be generated by the 100 year hurricane scenario event. The model breaks the debris into four general categories: brick/wood, reinforced concrete/steel, eligible tree debris, and other tree debris. This distinction is made because of the different types of material-handling equipment required to handle the debris. The model estimates that a total of 39,002 tons of debris will be generated. Of the total amount, brick/wood comprises 4.92 percent of the total, reinforced concrete/steel comprises 0.00 percent of the total, eligible tree debris comprises 16.72, and other tree debris is 78.36 percent of the total. Environment Flooding and wind damage are the main impacts that would be felt by a hurricane in Augusta-Richmond County. Please refer to the Flood Hazard Profile for a discussion on flood-related impacts and the Tornado Hazard Profile for a discussion on relevant wind-related impacts. 5.10 INFECTIOUS DISEASE 5.10.1 Background Communicable, or infectious, diseases are conditions that result in clinically evident illness which are transmissible directly from one person to another or indirectly through vectors such as insects, air, water, blood, or other objects. The impact of communicable disease can range from the mild effects of the common cold to the extreme lethality of pneumonic plague or anthrax. The public health system in the United States was developed in large part as a response to the often urgent need to respond to or prevent outbreaks of communicable diseases. Through public health methods of disease reporting, vaccinations, vector control, and effective treatments, most communicable diseases are well controlled in the United States and Augusta-Richmond County. However, control systems can fail and when people come together from locations outside of the county, state, and the country, outbreaks can occur, even Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:48 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES in the most modern of communities. In this section, some of the more significant potential communicable disease concerns are described. The threats discussed in this section usually do not occur on a regular basis, though some are more frequent. The diseases described herein do not originate from intentional exposure (such as through terrorist actions) but do present significant issues and concerns for the public health community. There are numerous infectious diseases that rarely, if ever, occur in Augusta-Richmond County, such as botulism or bubonic plague. Some highly dangerous diseases which could potentially be used as biological weapons,such as anthrax, pneumonic plague, and smallpox, are safely housed and controlled in laboratory settings such as at the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Other diseases have not (yet) mutated into a form that can infect humans,or otherwise lie dormant in nature. There have been several significant viral outbreaks from emerging diseases in recent years of both national and international importance. The Zika virus and West Nile virus are viruses that are typically passed to humans or animals by mosquitoes and made major news as emergent disease threats. Meanwhile, diseases that are spread directly between human beings such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)and Ebola have also been identified as serious threats. While each of these conditions caused a great deal of public health concern when they were first identified, SARS has virtually disappeared, West Nile virus occurs with low frequency and causes serious disease in only a very small percentage of cases, Ebola has been more or less contained and a vaccine is in development, and many people infected with Zika will not experience symptoms from the disease. Other communicable diseases pose a much more frequent threat to the residents of Augusta-Richmond County. Some of the infectious diseases of greatest concern include influenza, particularly in a pandemic form, as well as norovirus, and multiple antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis. Even in one of its normal year- to-year variants, influenza (commonly referred to as "flu")can result in serious illness and even death in young children, the elderly and immune-compromised persons. But there is always the potential risk of the emergence of influenza in one of the pandemic H1N1 forms,such as in the"Spanish Flu"outbreak of 1918-19, which killed over 50 million people worldwide. Every year, Augusta-Richmond County sees hundreds of cases of influenza, leading to hundreds of hours of lost productivity in businesses due to sick employees. Of note, a vaccine for influenza is produced every year and, according to the CDC, is highly effective in preventing the disease. Norovirus is recognized as the leading cause of foodborne-disease outbreaks in the United States. The virus can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain, and is easily spread from person to person through contaminated food or water and by surface to surface contact. Especially vulnerable populations to this virus include those living or staying in nursing homes and assisted living facilities and other healthcare facilities such as hospitals. Norovirus could also be a threat in the event of large public gatherings such as sporting events, concerts, festivals, and so forth. Augusta-Richmond County and the State of Georgia often experience norovirus outbreaks on an annual basis. No vaccine or treatment exists for the Norovirus, making it especially dangerous for the public in the event of an outbreak. Public health threats can occur at any time and can have varying impacts. Discussions between public health professionals, planning officials, and first response agencies are essential in order to facilitate safe,effective,and collaborative efforts toward outbreaks. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:49 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.10.2 Location and Spatial Extent Due to the nature of a public health/emerging disease threat, it is difficult to identify a precise location where this type of event would occur. Moreover, a large-scale event would have impacts that spread throughout the county. Therefore, all areas in Augusta-Richmond County are considered equally susceptible to infectious diseases. 5.10.3 Historical Occurrences In 2003, the SARS outbreak that began in Southeast Asia began showing up in the United States. There were three confirmed case of SARS in Georgia in 2003.Since that time there have not been any reported cases of SARS.14 An outbreak of the West Nile Virus began showing up in the United States in 1999,with Georgia reporting 388 cases from that time through the end of 2016. No cases of Ebola were reported in the State of Georgia,though several locations in the United States did experience cases. A map showing the number of Zika cases reported in each state in 2016 can be found in Figure 5.19. According to the Centers for Disease Control, there were over 100 cases of Zika in the State of Georgia during this time. Although none of those cases were reported in Augusta-Richmond County, it is certainly possible that in the future, cases will be contracted within the county given that many neighboring areas have been impacted. FIGURE 5.19: NUMBER OF ZIKA CASES REPORTED IN 2016 BY STATE i''''''''—' X441-' -dry' to fid' fit 7' A w F, p/Ml r: wl ,, �w fb`�a J' a t ' , ,i1x.....„.....2.., ..,„, , , , ,, ,,,,,,,,, c,,,,,,,,,,,;-„,. a GUAM *''!4 �1, ' : ! ---- � 1G71 - „,4,.,: ca a hoc+ P z 1-1 ,, ,,,, ,, ,,,,,,„,, ,-,, e,-4-1r - _,...„..,,,,,,k. VAIN soil MAarN.Reporting Lk,Vim 04.... .qrqe. Sb.O Y401q Mpe.Mb b1.Na>wwxa M+n b+M � y 0 II n,zz a °, ti i h ►unto Rico; -25.49 ' (4. FaC ra MI so-100 P F '•°'„' t4:J. ,yr, ® Nrw...w .1,.......4. $g YrR Wpi^N4nM net Ln d rw.«uN.rn.tnMmvWC _ _ P 1 ,a ''''''.:4'''''141 y5:.,,. Source:Centers for Disease Control As stated previously, diseases like influenza and norovirus are regularly occurring health issues in Augusta-Richmond County. These conditions are not legally reportable to county or state public health agencies, so data on disease incidence is not readily available, although there were at least 2 cases of norovirus reported in the county, with one in 2011 and one in 2012. These diseases are monitored 14 https://www.cdc.gov/media/presskits/sars/cases.htm Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:50 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES through local epidemiological surveillance systems in hospitals and health departments and any potential outbreaks are investigated promptly. Finally, the Richmond County epidemiologist provided cumulative information on notifiable diseases reported over roughly the last 5 years (January 1, 2012 to November 8, 2016). This information shows that a majority of the notifiable diseases that impact the county are related to Hepaitits C or Salmonellosis. A full list of the notifiable diseases, the number of occurrences of each, and the percentage of total can be found in Figure 5.20. FIGURE 5.20: INCIDENCE OF NOTIFIABLE DISEASES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Incidence of Notifiable Disease Reported from Augusta(6-0) Occurring During the Period of: 01-Jan-2012 and 08-Nov-2016 Hepatitis C 1429 24.21 MN Hepatitis C(Chronic) 1178 19.96 ,am. Salmonellosis 1034 17.52 '11111 Campylobacteriosis 311 5.27 E$ Hepatitis B(Chronic) 310 525 Streptococcal Disease,Group B(Invasive) 288 4.88 Streptococcus Pnetxt oniae(Invasive) 285 4.83 I (Shigellosis 259 4.39 I Hepatitis B 256 4.34 I Streptococcal Disease,Group A(Invasive) 99 1.68 Pertussis 74 1.25 Cryptosporidiosis 72 1.22 'Giardiasis 67 1.14 Hepatitis A(Acute) 56 .95 Varicella(Chicken Pox) 47 .8 ;Haemophilus Influenzae(Invasive) 45 .76 Shiga Toxin Producing E.Coli(Stec) 43 .73 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 27 .46 I Lyme Disease 17 .29 I Zika 5 08 raiti .. %of Total Incidents Reported Rates reflect only those cases with the adni n status(es)of: (Confrmed,Deleted.tiot Confirmed Out Of State,Pending,ProbableSuspect Unknown.) Source:Richmond County Health Department During events involving outbreaks, as stated in Ga. Code§31-2-1,the Department of Community Health and local County Board of Health are empowered to exercise quarantine and isolation authority. Quarantine and isolation authority shall be exercised with the understanding that those ordered into quarantine shall have access to legal representation and can challenge the order. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:51 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.10.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Due to some recent incidents that have been recorded across the State of Georgia and in Augusta- Richmond County, future occurrences are considered possible (between 1 and 10 percent annual probability). 5.10.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) The general public can be exposed to emerging diseases through different means based on the particular threat and its potential transmission routes. Vaccinations,when available, are the best means of preventing transmission and infection. Public Health information messages will be disseminated via the media in order to provide preventive measures to limit or avoid exposure. Public confidence in government and nongovernmental organizations may be impacted by public health outbreaks. The level of confidence the public possesses is based upon societal expectations, media influence, and past experience following other outbreaks. An effective response to the outbreak can help to guide public confidence toward a favorable level. Collaboration with media outlets can also assist in keeping the public informed and helping to protect them from exposure. Responders During a disease outbreak, responders can expect an increase in workload and should practice a higher level of precaution toward exposure than they would normally. Plans exist for first response and health care to address the needs of such situations. Communication between these agencies regarding plans and procedures maximizes the efficiency and effectiveness of these combined efforts. Continuity of Operations Continuity of operations may be impacted if those in governmental or other key roles are impacted by the disease or public health threat and cannot perform their normal duties. Although plans are in place to ensure continuity of operations, a large-scale event or one that has significant impacts on operational-level staff could negatively affect continuity of operations. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential—There are no expected impacts. Commercial—There are no expected impacts. industrial—There are no expected impacts. Hazardous Materials Facilities—There are no expected impacts. Critical Facilities and Personnel Hospitals —The primary impacts for hospitals during disease outbreaks are an increase in patients and the spread of disease within the hospitals. Emergency Services —Workload may be increased for emergency services as individuals infected with disease may require transport to a hospital facility or other forms of care. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:52 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Emergency Shelters —There are no expected impacts, though officials monitoring and managing these facilities should be on higher guard against the spread of disease due to a concentrated aggregation of people in one location. Transportation Systems There are no expected impacts to Interstates/Airports/Rail Lines. Critical Utilities There are no expected impacts to High Voltage Distribution Lines, Power Lines,or Natural Gas Systems. Communication Systems and Networks There are no expected impacts to Telephone Systems,Cell Phone Towers,or Internet Capabilities. Economy Small/Local Employers —One of the more significant economic impacts that could be seen in Augusta- Richmond County involves absenteeism at local businesses which could have a significant impact as the absence of several employees at a small business could force temporary shutdowns or reduced hours of availability. There would also likely be an impact on the local government budget as officials try to respond to the disease and assist those impacted. Large Employers—If employees are affected,there may be some loss in productivity. Special Consideration Areas City Centers—There are no expected impacts,although city centers tend to be areas where large masses of people congregate and thus may be areas where the likelihood of disease spread is more prominent. Large Event Arenas — Events may have to be cancelled if the outbreak is large enough or has the potential to be spread easily and quickly. Historical and Cultural Landmarks—There are no expected impacts. Environment The environmental impact is dependent on the particular biological substance being transmittable to animal or plant life,or if it can be distributed through the water supply. 5.11 LIGHTNING 5.11.1 Background Lightning is a discharge of electrical energy resulting from the buildup of positive and negative charges within a thunderstorm, creating a"bolt"when the buildup of charges becomes strong enough.This flash of light usually occurs within the clouds or between the clouds and the ground. A bolt of lightning can reach temperatures approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Lightning rapidly heats the sky as it flashes but the surrounding air cools following the bolt. This rapid heating and cooling of the surrounding air causes the thunder which often accompanies lightning strikes. While most often affiliated with severe thunderstorms, lightning may also strike outside of heavy rain and might occur as far as 10 miles away from any rainfall. Lightning strikes occur in very small, localized areas. For example, they may strike a building, electrical transformer, or even a person. According to FEMA, lightning injures an average of 300 people and kills Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:53 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 80 people each year in the United States. Direct lightning strikes also have the ability to cause significant damage to buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure largely by igniting a fire. Lightning is also responsible for igniting wildfires that can result in widespread damages to property. Figure 5.21 shows a lightning flash density map for the years 2005-2014 based upon data provided by Vaisala's U.S. National Lightning Detection Network(NLDN®). FIGURE 5.21: LIGHTNING FLASH DENSITY IN THE UNITED STATES t r 1 ,1• '' w. 3!r. "moi U l!P . s ., ui / to p- ., , 'r:' 1. ,n. �- t...,1:(.., / •' i ea r' S-l_t1aF ,tYf i �- •_ a;�a A' • ' <" ,.• a qua �t Flash Density -L,: ¢. , lila "f Flishesisq luatyeat F• �'• ■ 12 40:1,* \ h.O •• 4 n,26 National Lightning Detection Network ■ 2 n `s 2005.2014 L ■ 6 n1 ■ 425n 0.5 0. n 0.15 VAISALA + 1 Source:Vaisala United States National Lightning Detection Network 5.11.2 Location and Spatial Extent Lightning occurs randomly, therefore it is impossible to predict where and with what frequency it will strike. It is assumed that all of Augusta-Richmond County is uniformly exposed to lightning. 5.11.3 Historical Occurrences According to the National Climatic Data Center, there has only been 1 recorded lightning event in Augusta-Richmond County since 1996.15 This event resulted in 3 injuries and almost $170,000 (2016 dollars) in damages.16 Detailed information on historical lightning events can be found in Table 5.27. 15 These lightning events are only inclusive of those reported by the National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)from 1996 through October 2016.It is certain that additional lightning events have occurred in Augusta-Richmond County.The State Fire Marshall's office was also contacted for additional information but none could be provided.As additional local data becomes available,this hazard profile will be amended. 16 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:54 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES It is certain that more than one lightning event has impacted the county. Many of the reported events are those that caused damage, and it should be expected that damages are likely much higher for this hazard than what is reported. TABLE 5.27: HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Deaths/ Property Date Injuries Damage Details (2016)* Augusta-Richmond County Lightning struck the roof of SunBelt Auto Center in Augusta.The lightning rippled through the interior of the facility injuring a few people. Then the wind blew out the cracked windows.Ken Harris, the general manager,was blead out of his arm and a little bit on his head.Harris said he couldn't believe the AUGUSTA 7/17/2012 0/3 $167,703 devastation. Blythe None Reported -- -- -- -- Fort Gordon None Reported -- -- -- -- Hephzibah None Reported -- -- -- -- *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars;all damage may not have been reported. Source:National Climatic Data Center There have been several recent events reported by local media that were deemed to be important enough to include in the plan and these are described below. As mentioned above, this likely does not include all lightning events that have impacted the county. August 17,2010:Two separate lightning strikes injured a 14-year-old girl (in Hephzibah) and 19-year-old boy(in Augusta). July 17,2013: Lightning struck a transformer at South Richmond County substation, resulting in a power outage for 650 customers in southern Richmond County and northern Burke County. June 4, 2015: Lightning started a house fire in Augusta, no injuries and minor damage to house were reported. 5.11.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Although there was not a large number of historical lightning events reported throughout Augusta- Richmond County via NCDC data, it is considered a regular occurrence, especially accompanied by thunderstorms. In fact, lightning events will assuredly happen on an annual basis,though not all events will cause damage. According to Vaisala's U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN*), Augusta- Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:55 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Richmond County is located in an area of the country that experienced an average of 2 to 8 lightning flashes per square kilometer per year between 2005 and 2014. Therefore, the probability of future events is highly likely (100 percent annual probability). It can be expected that future lightning events will continue to threaten life and cause minor property damages throughout the county. 5.11.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Although relatively rare when compared to other hazards, the impacts of lightning on people can be severe, resulting in death or severe injury if a person is struck. Fatalities and injuries from lightning events most often occur when a person is exposed and in outdoor conditions during a thunderstorm. Exposure to water and open areas also increases the likelihood that a person will be struck. Lightning generally has a low probability of impacting public confidence. Responders Although responders are generally aware of the effects of lightning and take precautions to avoid being impacted by a lightning strike, it is possible that they could be struck. Moreover, taking the necessary precautions to avoid a lightning strike can often reduce response times as staying inside and away from lightning is the best way to avoid injury from the hazard. Continuity of Operations Lightning Most critical facilities and infrastructure are protected against lightning via surge protectors and lightning rods. However, if lightning were to shut down large parts of the power grid due to blowing a transformer,operations would be detrimentally impacted. In general, however, continuity of operations during a lightning event would not be affected as most critical operations centers have backup power systems. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Lightning generally does not have a major impact on property, facilities, or infrastructure. However, it has been known to affect power and energy sources through strikes which can shut down power for hours and sometimes days. Lightning is also responsible for igniting wildfires that can result in widespread damage to property. Economy Since lightning events generally pass through the area quickly and cause relatively little property damage when compared to other hazards, effects on the economy will likely be minimal. Nevertheless, if power-related infrastructure is damaged, this could cause some economic strain to replace and get the system back to full capacity. Environment The environmental effects of lightning are relatively minimal, although lightning has been known to cause wildfires which can lead to widespread damage to ecosystems. For more details on these impacts, please see this section of the wildfire hazard. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:56 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.12 SEVERE WINTER STORM 5.12.1 Background A winter storm can range from a moderate snow over a period of a few hours to blizzard conditions with blinding wind-driven snow that lasts for several days. Events may include snow, sleet,freezing rain, or a mix of these wintry forms of precipitation. Some winter storms might be large enough to affect several states, while others might affect only localized areas. Occasionally, heavy snow might also cause significant property damages,such as roof collapses on older buildings.All winter storm events have the potential to present dangerous conditions to the affected area. Snow Storms Larger snowfalls pose a great risk, reducing visibility due to blowing snow and making driving conditions treacherous. A heavy snow event is defined by the National Weather Service as an accumulation of 4 or more inches in 12 hours or less. A blizzard is the most severe form of winter storm. It combines low temperatures, heavy snow,and winds of 35 miles per hour or more,which reduces visibility to a quarter mile or less for at least 3 hours. Snow storms are often accompanied by sleet, freezing rain, or an ice storm.These combined events are particularly hazardous as they create treacherous surfaces. Ice Storms Ice storms,which are much more common in Augusta-Richmond County than snow storms, are defined as storms with significant amounts of freezing rain and are a result of cold air damming (CAD). CAD is a shallow,surface-based layer of relatively cold, stably-stratified air entrenched against the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. With warmer air above, falling precipitation in the form of snow melts, then becomes either super-cooled (liquid below the melting point of water) or re-freezes. In the former case, super-cooled droplets can freeze on impact (freezing rain), while in the latter case, the re-frozen water particles are ice pellets (or sleet). Sleet is defined as partially frozen raindrops or refrozen snowflakes that form into small ice pellets before reaching-the ground.They typically bounce when they hit the ground and do not stick to the surface. However, it does accumulate like snow, posing similar problems and has the potential to accumulate into a layer of ice on surfaces. Freezing rain, conversely, usually sticks to the ground,creating a sheet of ice on the roadways and other surfaces. All of the winter storm elements — snow, sleet, ice, etcetera — have the potential to cause significant hazard to a community. Even small accumulations can down power lines and tree limbs and create hazardous driving conditions. Furthermore,communication and power may be disrupted for days. 5.12.2 Location and Spatial Extent Nearly the entire continental United States is susceptible to winter storm events. Some ice and winter storms may be large enough to affect several states, while others might affect limited, localized areas. The degree of exposure typically depends on the normal expected severity of local winter weather. Given the atmospheric nature of the hazard,the entire county has uniform exposure to a winter storm. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:57 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.12.3 Historical Occurrences Winter weather has resulted in one disaster declarations in Augusta-Richmond County (in 2014.)17 The National Climatic Data Center does not report winter storm events at the municipal level, however, there have been a total of 8 recorded winter storm events and in Augusta-Richmond County since 1996 (Table 5.28).18 Although NCDC did not record any damages from these events, there were certainly dollar losses that occurred that were not recorded.19 Detailed information on the recorded winter storm events can be found in Table 5.29. TABLE 5.28:SUMMARY OF WINTER STORM EVENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Location Number of Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage Occurrences (2016) Augusta-Richmond County 8 0/1 $0 Source:National Climatic Data Center TABLE 5.29: HISTORICAL WINTER STORM EVENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Date Type of Storm Deaths/ Property Damage* Injuries Augusta-Richmond County RICHMOND(ZONE) 1/2/2002 Winter Storm 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 1/26/2004 Ice Storm 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 12/26/2004 Ice Storm 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 1/29/2005 Ice Storm 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 2/12/2010 Winter Storm 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 1/10/2011 Winter Storm 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 1/28/2014 Heavy Snow 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 2/12/2014 Ice Storm 0/0 $0 *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars;All damage may not have been reported. Source:National Climatic Data Center There have been several severe winter weather events in Augusta-Richmond County. The text below describes two of the major events (one snow and one ice event) and associated impacts on the county. Similar impacts can be expected with most severe winter weather. January 2011 Winter Storm—January 10,2011 A low pressure system moved through the Gulf of Mexico and across northern Florida producing snow, sleet and freezing rain across the southeast U.S. Heavy snow fell across the CSRA and lower Midlands of South Carolina with accumulations of 1 to 6 inches. 17 A complete listing of historical disaster declarations can be found in Section 4:Hazard Identification. 18 These ice and winter storm events are only inclusive of those reported by the National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)from 1996 through October 2016.It is likely that additional winter storm conditions have affected Augusta-Richmond County. 19 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:58 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES February 2014 Ice Storm—February 12,2014 A major Ice Storm produced 3/4 to 1 inch of ice and 1 to 2 inches of snow and sleet across Richmond County taking down numerous trees and powerlines. Power outages were widespread across the county affecting most of the population. 1-535 and other highways were closed due to the ice accumulations. Winter storms throughout the planning area have several negative externalities including hypothermia, cost of snow and debris cleanup, business and government service interruption, traffic accidents, and power outages. Furthermore, citizens may resort to using inappropriate heating devices that could to fire or an accumulation of toxic fumes. 5.12.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Winter storm events will likely remain a fairly regular occurrence in Augusta-Richmond County. According to historical information, Augusta-Richmond County generally experiences some type of winter weather during many winters. Therefore, the annual probability is likely (between 10 and 100 percent). 5.12.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Winter storms most often impact people indirectly. Winter storms can create dangerous driving conditions by limiting visibility for drivers or creating slick conditions that make maneuverability difficult. Loss of power can create very cold conditions for residents, making it difficult to stay warm. Residents may try to heat their home using alternative means, which runs the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning caused by improperly ventilated heating sources. In addition, dangerously cold temperatures increase the risk of wind chill,frostbite, and hypothermia. Winter storms generally do not have a large impact on public confidence, but it could be impacted if road clearing or response operations are slow. Responders Responders in winter storm and freeze events face a variety of hazards themselves including slick or icy roads that could cause harm if they are attempting to quickly respond to an emergency as is often the case. Crashed emergency vehicles and injuries to responders are always a possibility, but their chances increase during a winter storm event.Winter storms can also make it difficult to access more rural areas if roads are snowed/iced over and vehicles cannot pass through. Continuity of Operations Generally,continuity of operations can be maintained during a winter storm event in Augusta-Richmond County. However, winter storms do have the potential to affect power transmission and can make it difficult for emergency management employees to arrive to work. As a result, there may be some disruption of operations during a winter storm event. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Schools Winter storms have the potential to impact public and private school schedules through closings and delays. Poor driving conditions, lack of power and heat, and mechanical problems with school buses and equipment due to cold weather conditions are potential concerns. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:59 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES School closures and delays can lead to logistical problems for teachers and school administrators, especially in the event of end-of-term exams and standardized testing schedules. It can also result in logistical problems for making up school days. Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Winter storms have the potential to create hazardous driving conditions leading to accidents on roadways. The Federal Highway Administration reports that 24 percent of weather–related vehicle crashes occur on snowy, slushy, or icy pavement.20 Accidents can cause highways to become the equivalent of large parking lots which may cause motorists to strand their vehicles, making it difficult for emergency workers to reach those who need assistance. In general, major and local roadways become severely impacted when temperatures drop, making pre-treatment solutions ineffective.Transportation impacts can be minimized during early- and late-season events when paved surfaces are able to warm sufficiently to prevent winter precipitation accumulation. Winter storms can also result in delays and cancellations of flights at airports in Augusta-Richmond County due to slick conditions on runways. There is also the potential of a loss of power that can close the airport. Utilities One of the primary identified impacts of winter storms on Augusta-Richmond County is the disruption of utilities. Utilities that are at risk of being affected include telephone, internet, cable, and water. Newspaper reports typically cite trees falling on electrical wires—as well as trees that have already been damaged from previous incidents that fall during a winter storm—or the stress caused by ice accumulation as main causes for power outages. Economy In the event of a winter storm, there is a high potential of business and office closures, modified business and office hours, and cancellation or postponement of sporting and other planned events in the county. This can be contributed to poor road conditions (including icy and slick conditions) that result in fewer people using the roads to get to their destination or a loss of power and heat that result in a loss of operations at specific facilities. Environment Winter storms have an impact on the environment through the clearing of roadways.Snow on the roads can pick up contaminants from chemicals and oil products in traffic as well as the salt mixture that is used to de-ice the roads. These contaminants can be carried to nearby waterways which contaminates water sources and is absorbed by groundwater. In addition, vegetation can be damaged by these storm types. Vegetation destruction reduces available habitats,and threatens wildlife. 20 Federal Highway edera g way Admtmstratton.Snow and Ice.Retrieved January 3,2017,from http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/weather events/snow_ice.htm Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:60 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.13 SOLAR FLARE/EMP 5.13.1 Background According to NOAA, a solar flare is a large outburst of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun that can last from mere minutes to several hours. They are caused by large scale eruptions of magnetic flux known as coronal mass ejections (CME5). These CMEs cause X-rays and extreme ultraviolet light to ionize in the Earth's atmosphere and impact the day-side of the planet by enhancing the absorption power of the ionosphere. In normal conditions, the ionosphere reflects radio waves, which allows for long distance radio communication without having a clear line-of-sight between the transmitter and the receiver. However, when the absorption power of the ionosphere is enhanced by the activities of a solar flare, nearly all radio waves are absorbed and radio communication is reduced or impossible. These types of events are often referred to as radio blackouts and can have a drastic impact on communications, especially for emergency services officials who rely on radio communication. In addition, these events can disrupt GPS navigation systems, airline communications, military and environmental satellites, and electrical power grids.21 Solar flares are classified physically on a logarithmic scale that increases in intensity by 10 times at each new level. The scale is based on the intensity of the flare in a 1 minute averaged NOAA/GOES XRS instrument's 0.1-0.8 nm spectral band. The scale measures five levels of intensity with "A"flares as the least intense, followed by "B" flares, "C" flares, "M" flares, and "X" flares as the largest. The naming scale corresponds with descriptors for each event:"C"flares are considered to be"Common," "M"flares are"Medium,"and"X"flares are"Extreme." In addition to the physical classification of the solar flare itself, NOAA has also developed a five-level scale to classify the radio blackout itself. Table 5.30 shows the radio blackout scale and provides descriptions of the typical solar flare intensity that is associated with each scale of radio blackout. TABLE 5.30: NOAA RADIO BLACKOUT SCALE scale Description, 'Effect, : '' ' ' '' — ' : : -.' ' : ,.' ''',, Pifiti' ,cato t.'I' dege.0111 HF Radio:Complete HF(high frequency)radio blackout on the entire X20 Less than 1 sunlit side of the Earth lasting for a number of hours.This results in no HF (2 x 10-3) per cycle radio contact with mariners and en route aviators in this sector. Extreme Navigation:Low-frequency navigation signals used by maritime and general aviation systems experience outages on the sunlit side of the Earth for many hours,causing loss in positioning.Increased satellite navigation errors in positioning for several hours on the sunlit side of Earth,which may spread into the night side. 21 NOAA.The Serendipitous Discovery of Solar Flares.http://www.noaa.gov/features/02_monitoring/1859solarstorm.html Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:61 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Average Physical Frequency Scale Description , Effect measure (1 cycle 11 ye ) HF Radio:HF radio communication blackout on most of the sunlit side of X10 8 per cycle Earth for one to two hours.HF radio contact lost during this time. (10-3) (8 days per Severe Navigation:Outages of low-frequency navigation signals cause increased cycle) error in positioning for one to two hours.Minor disruptions of satellite navigation possible on the sunlit side of Earth. HF Radio:Wide area blackout of HF radio communication,loss of radio Xl 175 per cycle Strong contact for about an hour on sunlit side of Earth. (10') (140 days per Navigation:Low-frequency navigation signals degraded for about an hour. cycle) HF Radio:Limited blackout of HF radio communication on sunlit side,loss M5 350 per cycle ft Moderate of radio contact for tens of minutes. (5 x 10-s) (300 days per Navigation:Degradation of low-frequency navigation signals for tens of cycle) minutes. HF Radio:Weak or minor degradation of HF radio communication on M1 2000 per R 1 Minor sunlit side,occasional loss of radio contact. (10-5) cycle Navigation:Low-frequency navigation signals degraded for brief intervals. (950 days per cycle) Source:NOAA 5.13.2 Location and Spatial Extent Because these events occur on a global scale and could have wide-ranging impacts on the entire dayside of the planet simultaneously, all areas of the county are considered to be equally susceptible to a solar flare. 5.13.3 Historical Occurrences There is a relatively extensive history of solar flares being observed in the United States, but the first observation of a solar flare was in England in 1859 when Richard Carrington observed what is still considered the largest solar flare in recorded history. This event, now known as the Carrington event, was a critical discovery as it connected solar flares with many of the impacts that we recognize they cause today. In the direct aftermath of Carrington's discovery, the Earth was engulfed in a magnetic storm that created auroras all over the sky, caused compass needles to spin uncontrollably, and prevented telegraph operators from sending messages. These early observations of impacts from solar flares would lay the groundwork for recognizing future impacts from solar flare events such as the disruption of communications systems and electrical power. Although there has not been another solar flare on the magnitude of the Carrington event in the last 150 years, there have been a number of large events that have impacted various areas of the country and the world. Several of these events are described below and it should be noted that since solar flares could have effects anywhere in the world,similar impacts could be expected in Randolph County. August 4, 1972: A major solar storm reportedly caused a voltage surge on telephone lines in Illinois as reported by AT&T. This resulted in a temporary shutdown of communications lines for around 30 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:62 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES minutes. This was one of the first storms that scientists were able to predict with some degree of accuracy. March 13, 1989: Known as the Quebec Blackout Storm,this event knocked out power to the electric grid of the Hydro-Quebec Power Authority. Roughly six million people were impacted as they lost electricity and thus, in many cases, their source of heat. Power companies restored power within about 9 hours, but the event was considered very close to a large-scale disaster. July 14,2000:The Bastille Day Flare was an X5.7 class flare that was the largest on record since the 1989 event. This event was considered probably the most well-observed solar flare event on record and helped astronomers better understand the causes of solar flares and the sun's cycle of activity. 5.13.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Based on historic observations of major events and the knowledge of the Sun's roughly eleven year cycle of activity, a major solar flare event that has impacts on Earth is considered likely (between 10 and 100 percent annual probability). 5.13.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) The entire Augusta-Richmond County population is vulnerable to the impacts of a solar flare/EMP regardless of the measured magnitude, although most low-classification events will not have any noticeable impact on the daily lives of people. If a large event were to occur and cause widespread power outages or communications systems disruptions, there may be a panic and people may temporarily be unable to undertake normal activities such as cooking or using mobile devices. Tornadoes often have some significant likelihood of affecting public confidence due to their highly visible impacts and the fact that most members of the public are unaware of the hazard and may be confused about the cause of loss of power/communications systems. Responders Responders could be critically affected by a solar flare/EMP event as response personnel rely heavily on communications equipment to carry out their normal operations. If a large event were to occur that knocked out communications equipment for several hours or possibly more than a day, this would be significantly hinder responders'abilities to perform their duties. Continuity of Operations Continuity of operations would potentially be impacted in many ways by a major solar flare/EMP. As mentioned above, if communications equipment were disrupted, it would be challenging for government officials to coordinate with one another and respond to the citizen needs such as emergency medical care. Additionally, if power were lost, there would be a disruption to normal operations,though there are generally plans in place to maintain continuity of operations in this case as several operations centers have backup power systems. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:63 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Critical Infrastructure The primary impact on the built environment from a solar flare/EMP would be on communications and power infrastructure. Most of the built environment (e.g. homes, buildings, roadways) would not be impacted in any way by this type of event. However, if power or communications systems are damaged or temporarily shut down, some aspects of the built environment will be impacted such as traffic lights, street lights,cell phone towers. Economy A solar flare/EMP can impact any area of Augusta-Richmond County at any time and may bring with it an interruption of service for local businesses as well as government that lose power or cannot utilize communications systems.As a result,there will be significant disruption of the local economy as long as the effects(such as power or communications loss)of the solar flare/EMP remain in place. Environment There will likely be relatively minimal impacts on the environment from a solar flare/EMP. 5.14 TORNADO 5.14.1 Background A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud extending to the ground. Tornadoes are most often generated by thunderstorm activity (but sometimes result from hurricanes and other tropical storms)when cool, dry air intersects and overrides a layer of warm, moist air forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The damage caused by a tornado is a result of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris, also accompanied by lightning or large hail. According to the National Weather Service, tornado wind speeds normally range from 40 miles per hour to more than 300 miles per hour. The most violent tornadoes have rotating winds of 250 miles per hour or more and are capable of causing extreme destruction and turning normally harmless objects into deadly missiles. Each year, an average of over 800 tornadoes is reported nationwide, resulting in an average of 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries.22 According to the NOAA Storm Prediction Center (SPC), the highest concentration of tornadoes in the United States has been in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Florida respectively. Although the Great Plains region of the Central United States does favor the development of the largest and most dangerous tornadoes (earning the designation of "tornado alley"), Florida experiences the greatest number of tornadoes per square mile of all U.S. states (SPC, 2002). Figure 5.22 shows tornado activity in the United States based on the number of recorded tornadoes per 1,000 square miles. 22 NOAA,2009. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:64 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.22:TORNADO ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES "" TORNADO ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES* Sunm.ry Per 1,000 square Ines tY.• s Y.rrr. 4.1. IN Mob Prawil Maw ►ar..ww. •Yw --7, rip, AM,.4 •r• ♦wMMf ceem eo fie•► Yte owe.. weemer ••..1•Y .•V•I. ............ * I 4H IV - -4""4 , "."" _ � Number al%mow w ALASKA taw So per rwr. » - .. c1 mar.*••••\,,,....„ t •p I I1-8 OD is.lo qaI ` M 1t-1 6 6 HAWAh Min 15 Aexao AN coIN aAIt$ •Bassa on Nous,seam Precionan Center Sinners Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency Tornadoes are more likely to occur during the months of March through May and are most likely to form in the late afternoon and early evening. Most tornadoes are a few dozen yards wide and touch down briefly, but even small short-lived tornadoes can inflict tremendous damage. Highly destructive tornadoes may carve out a path over a mile wide and several miles long. The destruction caused by tornadoes ranges from light to inconceivable depending on the intensity,size, and duration of the storm. Typically, tornadoes cause the greatest damage to structures of light construction, including residential dwellings (particularly mobile homes). Tornadic magnitude is reported according to the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita Scales. Tornado magnitudes prior to 2005 were determined using the traditional version of the Fujita Scale (Table 5.31).Tornado magnitudes that were determined in 2005 and later were determined using the Enhanced Fujita Scale(Table 5.32). Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:65 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.31:THE FUJITA SCALE(EFFECTIVE PRIOR TO 2005) F-SCALE spireNstry WINDSPEED Tt'PEoF DAMAGE Dose NUMBER FO GALE 40-72 MPH Some damage to chimneys;breaks branches off trees;pushes over TORNADO shallow-rooted trees;damages to sign boards. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed;peels Fl MODERATE 73-112 MPH surface off roofs;mobile homes pushed off foundations or TORNADO overturned;moving autos pushed off the roads;attached garages may be destroyed. SIGNIFICANT Considerable damage.Roofs torn off frame houses;mobile homes F2 113-157 MPH demolished;boxcars pushed over;large trees snapped or uprooted; TORNADO light object missiles generated. ' � � • SEVERE Roof and some walls torn off well-constructed houses;trains 158-206 MPH - '4 TORNADO overturned;most trees in forest uprooted. DEVASTATING 207-260 MPH Well-constructed houses leveled;structures with weak foundations TORNADO blown off some distance;cars thrown and large missiles generated. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable INCREDIBLE 261-318 MPH distances to disintegrate;automobile sized missiles fly through the air TORNADO in excess of 100 meters;trees debarked;steel re-enforced concrete structures badly damaged. These winds are very unlikely.The small area of damage they might produce would probably not be recognizable along with the mess produced by F4 and F5 wind that would surround the F6 winds. F6 INCONCEIVABLE 319-379 MPH Missiles,such as cars and refrigerators would do serious secondary TORNADO damage that could not be directly identified as F6 damage.If this level is ever achieved,evidence for it might only be found in some manner of ground swirl pattern,for it may never be identifiable through engineering studies. Source:National Weather Service Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:66 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.32:THE ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE (EFFECTIVE 2005 AND LATER) EF-SCALE INTENSITY 3 SECOND GUST TYPE OF DAMAGE DONE NUMBER PHRASE (MPH) EFO GALE 65-85 Some damage to chimneys;breaks branches off trees;pushes over shallow-rooted trees;damages to sign boards. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed;peels EF1 MODERATE 86-110 surface off roofs;mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned;moving autos pushed off the roads;attached garages may be destroyed. Considerable damage.Roofs torn off frame houses;mobile homes EF2 SIGNIFICANT 111-135 demolished;boxcars pushed over;large trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated. Roof and some walls torn off well-constructed houses;trains SEVERE 136-165 overturned;most trees in forest uprooted. DEVASTATING 166-200 Well-constructed houses leveled;structures with weak foundations blown off some distance;cars thrown and large missiles generated. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable INCREDIBLE Over 200 distances to disintegrate;automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters;trees debarked;steel re-enforced concrete structures badly damaged. Source:National Weather Service 5.14.2 Location and Spatial Extent Tornadoes occur throughout the State of Georgia, and thus in Augusta-Richmond County. Tornadoes typically impact a relatively small area, but damage may be extensive. Event locations are completely random and it is not possible to predict specific areas that are more susceptible to tornado strikes over time. Therefore, it is assumed that Augusta-Richmond County is uniformly exposed to this hazard. With that in mind, Figure 5.23 shows tornado track data for many of the major tornado events that have impacted the county. While no definitive pattern emerges from this data, some areas that have been impacted in the past may be potentially more susceptible in the future. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:67 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.23: HISTORICAL TORNADO TRACKS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY LegendAugusta-Richmond County,Georgia '1/4" Community Tornado Tracks Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta Fujita Pearson Magnitude ' 2 4 8 A& t --0 FortGordon N Fort G —1 - —� Hephabah —2 Tic '401'46" in Surrounding Counties--3"/US Roads 4,^/State Roads —/"�,,/Interstate ®0 Mon County ,r --.r10 aln Illy McDulte Cou 0 • Jo County Burke County Source:NOM 5.14.3 Historical Occurrences According to the National Climatic Data Center, there have been a total of 10 recorded tornado events in Augusta-Richmond County since 1950 (Table 5.33), resulting in $16.4 million (2016 dollars) in property damages.23 24 In addition, one death and five injuries were reported (Table 5.34). The magnitude of these tornadoes ranges from EFO to EF3 in intensity, although an EF4 or EF5 event is possible. It is important to note that only tornadoes that have been reported are factored into this risk assessment. It is likely that a high number of occurrences have gone unreported over the past 65 years. 23 These tornado events are only inclusive of those reported by the National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)from 1950 through October 2016.It is likely that additional tornadoes have occurred in Augusta-Richmond County.As additional local data becomes available,this hazard profile will be amended. 24 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:68 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.33:SUMMARY OF TORNADO OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Location Number of Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage Occurrences (2016) Augusta-Richmond County 7 0/14 $10,799,728 Blythe 0 0/0 $0 Fort Gordon 1 0/12 $5,608,520 Hephzibah 2 0/0 $10,698 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 10 0/26 $16,418,946 Source:National Climatic Data Center TABLE 5.34: HISTORICAL TORNADO OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Date Magnitude Deaths/ Property Details Injuries Damage* Augusta-Richmond County RICHMOND CO. 8/17/1954 Fl 0/0 $223,650 -- RICHMOND CO. 2/24/1961 F1 0/0 $201,210 -- RICHMOND CO. 5/8/1978 Fl 0/0 $9,227,262 -- RICHMOND CO. 4/23/1983 FO 0/0 $604,034 -- RICHMOND CO. 1/29/1990 F2 0/6 $460,304 A tornado blew down trees from Oak Ridge to Stokesdale. A short lived tornado touched down on old trail road along the Richmond- AUGUSTA 5/19/1993 FO 0/0 $83,269 Columbia county line.One home and two cars were damaged by toppled trees. An F2 tornado intermittently touched down along a 2 mile path.Extensive damage was done to the Timberidge AUGUSTA 12/17/2000 F2 0/8 $0 subdivision and to other homes and mobile homes along its path.Eight people were injurred,one seriously. There were no deaths. Blythe None Reported -- -- -- -- -- Fort Gordon A supercell tornado continued out of Columbia county and tracked across the Augusta area severely damaging many homes and business and taking FT GORDON 4/10/2009 EF3 0/12 $5,608,520 clown numerous trees and powerlines.One hundred and fifty people had to be evacuated from a nursing home that was damaged and there were around a dozen minor injuries. Hephzibah WAGTTV and others reported a small HEPHZIBAH 6/12/2001 FO 0/0 $0 tornado touchdown at Point South golf course taking down several trees. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:69 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Deaths/ Property Date MagnitudeDetails Injuries Damage* WRDW reported a tornado HEPHZIBAH 11/16/2011 EFO 0/0 $10,698 touchdown near Hephzibah taking down trees in rural areas east of Hephzibah.Photo attached. *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars;All damage may not have been reported. Source:National Climatic Data Center 5.14.4 Probability of Future Occurrences According to historical information, tornado events are not an annual occurrence for the county. However, given the county's location in the southeastern United States and history of tornadoes, an occurrence is possible every few years. While the majority of the reported tornado events are small in terms of size, intensity, and duration,they do pose a significant threat should Augusta-Richmond County experience a direct tornado strike. Tornado events are likely to increase in frequency as a result of climate change for reasons similar to those explained in the sub-section of this plan on the thunderstorm/windstorm hazard. The probability of future tornado occurrences affecting Augusta- Richmond County is likely(between 10 and 100 percent annual probability). 5.14.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) The entire Augusta-Richmond County population is vulnerable to the impacts of a tornado regardless of the measured magnitude. Because it cannot be predicted where a tornado will touch down, it cannot be said which areas of the population within the county are most vulnerable. However, injuries as well as deaths resulting from tornadoes are the most significant impacts. Tornadoes often have a high likelihood of affecting public confidence due to their destructive and highly visible impacts. Responders Responders could be critically affected by tornado events as the onset is often very rapid and unpredictable, thereby putting response personnel potentially in harm's way. Due to the unpredictability of such events, response may also be hindered as responders may be unable to access those that have been affected if storm conditions persist and they are unable to safely enter affected areas. Continuity of Operations Continuity of operations could be greatly impacted by a tornado as personnel may be harmed and critical resources damaged or destroyed during a tornado. In many ways,since the impacts of a tornado are unpredictable, it is also difficult to predict and plan for the appropriate ways to ensure a continuity of operations. Although Augusta-Richmond County is prepared for such an event, disruption of operations will likely take place to some degree. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Inventory Augusta-Richmond County has been impacted by tornadoes ranging in intensity from EFO through EF3 based on the Enhanced-Fujita scale. Because it cannot be predicted where a tornado may touch down, Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:70 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES all buildings,facilities, and infrastructure within the county are considered exposed to the hazard and at risk for being impacted. Wind Building materials play a role in how well a structure can withstand tornado force winds. Buildings that use structural steel, reinforced concrete, or load-bearing masonry have the best chance of withstanding a tornado event in the county. Homes constructed of wood or manufactured material are most at risk. Non-engineered structures in the county are far more vulnerable than engineered buildings to damage from tornado winds. Critical Facilities and Key Resources All critical facilities and key resources are equally vulnerable to the impacts of a tornado.The magnitude of the tornado will determine the extent of damage and impacts that are felt throughout the county. These impacts can include structural failure,debris damage,and loss of facility functionality. Critical Infrastructure The county's infrastructure system is equally vulnerable to the impacts of a tornado. This includes critical infrastructure such as roads, railroads, bridges, utilities (power and gas), and pipelines. Any number of these infrastructure systems could be damaged in the event of a tornado, although often power lines are the most common assets that are affected during a tornado. Impacts could include structural damage, impassable or blocked roadways, failed utility lines, railway failure, and impassable bridges. Key Resources The county's key resources are equally vulnerable to the impacts of a tornado. Any number of key resources could be damaged or lost in the event of a tornado. Impacts could include structural damage, and loss of power and utilities. Economy A tornado can impact any area of Augusta-Richmond County at any time and brings with it significant property damage costs to individual citizens and the regular functioning of the local economy. After past events, there has been a substantial halt to many economic activities and losses to businesses have often been high. Environment Downed trees and other forms of vegetation are often one of the most visible impacts to the environment from a tornado. Additionally, building material or other debris can be carried or thrown great distances by the force of wind and end up spread out in unexpected places such as natural areas. Coordinated countywide cleanup efforts after a tornado can include removal of debris, but much debris ends up remaining in the local habitats. Finally, if hazardous materials facilities are impacted by the tornado,these may release dangerous chemicals into the environment that can cause long-term harm. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:71 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.15 WILDFIRE 5.15.1 Background A wildfire is any outdoor fire (i.e. grassland, forest, brush land)that is not under control, supervised, or prescribed.25 Wildfires are part of the natural management of forest ecosystems, but may also be caused by human factors. Nationally, over 80 percent of forest fires are started by negligent human behavior such as smoking in wooded areas or improperly extinguishing campfires. The second most common cause for wildfire is lightning. In Georgia,a majority of fires are caused by debris burning such as burning yard leaf piles. There are three classes of wildland fires: surface fire, ground fire, and crown fire. A surface fire is the most common of these three classes and burns along the floor of a forest, moving slowly and killing or damaging trees.A ground fire(muck fire) is usually started by lightning or human carelessness and burns on or below the forest floor. Crown fires spread rapidly by wind and move quickly by jumping along the tops of trees.Wildfires are usually signaled by dense smoke that fills the area for miles around. Wildfire probability depends on local weather conditions, outdoor activities such as camping, debris burning, and construction,and the degree of public cooperation with fire prevention measures. Drought conditions and other natural hazards (such as tornadoes, hurricanes, etc.) increase the probability of wildfires by producing fuel in both urban and rural settings. Many individual homes and cabins, subdivisions, resorts, recreational areas, organizational camps, businesses, and industries are located within high wildfire hazard areas. Furthermore, the increasing demand for outdoor recreation places more people in wildlands during holidays, weekends, and vacation periods. Unfortunately, wildland residents and visitors are rarely educated or prepared for wildfire events that can sweep through the brush and timber and destroy property within minutes. Wildfires can result in severe economic losses as well. Businesses that depend on timber, such as paper mills and lumber companies, experience losses that are often passed along to consumers through higher prices and sometimes jobs are lost. The high cost of responding to and recovering from wildfires can deplete state resources and increase insurance rates. The economic impact of wildfires can also be felt in the tourism industry if roads and tourist attractions are closed due to health and safety concerns. State and local governments can impose fire safety regulations on home sites and developments to help curb wildfire. Land treatment measures such as fire access roads, water storage, helipads, safety zones, buffers,firebreaks,fuel breaks, and fuel management can be designed as part of an overall fire defense system to aid in fire control. Fuel management, prescribed burning, and cooperative land management planning can also be encouraged to reduce fire hazards. 25 Prescription burning, or "controlled burn,"undertaken by land management agencies is the process of igniting fires under selected conditions,in accordance with strict parameters. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:72 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.15.2 Location and Spatial Extent The entire county is at risk to a wildfire occurrence. However,several factors such as drought conditions or high levels of fuel on the forest floor, may make a wildfire more likely. Furthermore, areas in the urban-wildland interface are particularly susceptible to fire hazard as populations abut formerly undeveloped areas. The Wildfire Ignition Density data shown in the figure below gives an indication of historic location in Augusta-Richmond County. 5.15.3 Historical Occurrences Figure 5.24 shows the Wildfire Ignition Density in Augusta-Richmond County based on data from the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment. This data is based on historical fire ignitions and the likelihood of a wildfire igniting in an area. Occurrence is derived by modeling historic wildfire ignition locations to create an average ignition rate map.This is measured in the number of fires per year per 1,000 acres.26 FIGURE 5.24:WILDFIRE IGNITION DENSITY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community WiwgreIgnition Density Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan August, moo - field Con I 0 0 2 4 8 Blythe _I w s Foil Gordon 2 411,0, '' y �''7 Hephzibah 3 .. 0 - r,l L-J Surrounding Counties I 14 t• . IIs #.y.r AT. > w Aiken C ColumbiaCow„' R It F } " . �� 1 t :.,- 4.� 4 ars W44 i; Mcoume County ...r. 'r'1 j � ,;.a ` \' ,,,...��� ak.i'i%. w-.. \,;_c `:` jir vz, Jefferson County Burks County �r11,t +.-ts- ..,r,. e. Source:Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 26 Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment,2016. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:73 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Based on data from the Georgia Forestry Commission (GFC) from 2007 to 2016, Augusta-Richmond County experienced an average of 34.6 wildfires annually which burn a combined average of 118.6 acres per year. The data indicates that most of these fires are small, averaging 3.4 acres per fire. Table 5.35 lists the number of reported wildfire occurrences in the county between the years 2007 and 2016. TABLE 5.35: HISTORICAL WILDFIRE OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* Augusta-Richmond County Number 42 47 37 23 51 36 27 30 32 21 of Fires Number 109 328 55 46 177 100 54 194 65 58 of Acres *Data collected only through October 11,2016 Source:Georgia Forestry Commission 5.15.4 Probability of Future Occurrence Wildfire events will be an ongoing occurrence in Augusta-Richmond County. Figure 5.25 shows that there is some probability a wildfire will occur throughout the county. However, the likelihood of wildfires increases during drought cycles and abnormally dry conditions. Fires are likely to stay small in size but could increase due local climate and ground conditions. Dry, windy conditions with an accumulation of forest floor fuel (potentially due to ice storms or lack of fire) could create conditions for a large fire that spreads quickly. It should also be noted that some areas do vary somewhat in risk. For example, highly developed areas are less susceptible unless they are located near the urban-wildland boundary.The risk will also vary due to assets. Areas in the urban-wildland interface will have much more property at risk, resulting in increased vulnerability and need to mitigate compared to rural, mainly forested areas. The probability assigned to Augusta-Richmond County for future wildfire events is likely (between 10 and 100 percent annual probability). Additionally, as explained in the sub-section concerning drought, the increased likelihood of drought due to climate change will result in drier conditions that are more conducive to wildfires and,therefore,to greater structural/property damage and decreased air quality in the county. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:74 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.25: BURN PROBABILITY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County, Georgia Community Bum Probability Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta I I o 00r1 'Cou 0 2 N 4 8 . Blythe I tlihN Fort Gordon 2 Hephzibah 3 .I r ' lJ Surrounding Counties-4 /�/US Roads -5 /'s/Stale Roads ` i ,_ I Interstate Ili._ ,,,, J .. 111.1r. ' CI*gr4 . 'N .ill + . '� Aiken Countya COkanEia Canty „- - . -7"77, ...iip IA Ci ::.::).1' 4%, 4 -.. . 0..4'. MOOurt�e Cou. .'� '"� * -A; .:::: ,-1.. .1%. Q 10,1 7 t /IF 1 4'7.11t. 7;4% -4 4. 44 ,N r '' Q . . • F` YI ' '='Sar4,' . tr. t i . fes. r . Ili. • Le *f Burke 9y . CouCounty f 43 . a ,i .1 ,1 , 16,..,. . it amii116. Source:Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment 5.15.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) There are a number of losses related to people from a wildfire in Augusta-Richmond County. Potential losses include human life, structures, and natural resources. Health hazards from smoke caused by wildland fires within or outside the county include breathing difficulties and worsening of chronic breathing and/or cardiovascular disease. Smoke and air pollution pose a risk for children, the elderly, and those with respiratory and cardiovascular problems. Wildfire tends to create some issues with public confidence because of the very visible impacts that the fire has on the community. Responders Responders are often at great risk when addressing fires or wildfire, especially firefighters who are responsible for putting out the blaze. First responders are also at risk for exposure to dangers from the initial incident and after-effects such as smoke inhalation and/or heat stroke. All response personnel are potentially at risk when dealing with a wildfire and often-changing winds and a number of other factors can cause a fire to spread rapidly. Although much of Augusta-Richmond County has been urbanized and Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:75 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES is not at a high risk to wildfire,the more rural areas that are located in the wildland urban interface may require response personnel to be ready to act. Continuity of Operations Since wildfire often moves quickly and can affect infrastructure that is important to maintaining continuity of operations,there is some level of concern for maintaining continuity. However, operations in Augusta-Richmond County, which are generally run from urbanized areas, will probably not be impacted in a major way. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Wildland fires have the potential to substantially burn forested areas as well as private residences. Damage and destruction to state, county, private, and municipal structures and facilities are major losses that are attributed to wildland fires. Private residences and communities that are located within the Wildland Urban Interface(WUI)are particularly susceptible to the threat. Population increases in the county's WUI areas,for example,can create significant challenges for firefighters and residents. Many new homes are constructed without considering community wildland fire planning. This creates neighborhoods with limited accessibility and flammable building construction and landscaping. A lack of Firewise planning can also greatly increase the probability of a wildland fire occurrence with more homes and emergency personnel being threatened. Impacts to agricultural crops are another form of direct property losses that Augusta-Richmond County could face in the event of a wildland fire.Some structural losses might cause damage to private property including business properties and homes, vehicles, and livestock. Damage to capital goods and equipment as well as evacuation expenses and other losses are directly related to fire and smoke damage. Additional potential losses include building and landscape maintenance expenses, firefighting equipment purchases, and fire-related business closures. Post-fire losses include cleanup, rehabilitation and repair expenses, equipment and capital goods replacement, drinking water pollution, smoke damage,deflated real estate values,and an increase in fire insurance premiums. Economy Given the fact that some homes, businesses, and infrastructure are located in areas that could be impacted by wildfire, there could be some significant economic impacts of a wildfire in Augusta- Richmond County. If homes or businesses are burned, the cost of rebuilding could be substantial and loss of revenue as businesses rebuild would also impact the local economy. Environment Wildland fires have the potential to damage or destroy forage on grazing lands, secondary forest products destruction, and/or degradation and loss of wildlife habitat on public lands. On private lands, vegetation losses could include agricultural crops that are either burned or impacted by wildland fire smoke. Another potential loss includes damage and destruction to a wide variety of common or protected habitats in Augusta-Richmond County. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:76 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.16 WINDSTORM/THUNDERSTORM 5.16.1 Background Thunderstorms can produce a variety of accompanying hazards including wind (discussed here), hail, and lightning(discussed in separate sub-sections).Although thunderstorms generally affect a small area, they are very dangerous and may cause substantial property damage. Three conditions need to occur for a thunderstorm to form. First, it needs moisture to form clouds and rain. Second, it needs unstable air, such as warm air that can rise rapidly (this often referred to as the "engine" of the storm). Third, thunderstorms need lift,which comes in the form of cold or warm fronts, sea breezes, mountains, or the sun's heat. When these conditions occur simultaneously, air masses of varying temperatures meet, and a thunderstorm is formed. These storm events can occur singularly, in lines,or in clusters. Furthermore,they can move through an area very quickly or linger for several hours. According to the National Weather Service, more than 100,000 thunderstorms occur each year, though only about 10 percent of these storms are classified as "severe." A severe thunderstorm occurs when the storm produces at least one of these three elements: 1) hail at least one inch in diameter, 2) a tornado,or 3)winds of at least 58 miles per hour. Thunderstorm events have the capability of producing straight-line winds that can cause severe destruction to communities and threaten the safety of a population. Such wind events, sometimes separate from a thunderstorm event, are common throughout Augusta-Richmond County. Therefore, high winds are also reported in this section. High winds can form due to pressure of the Northeast coast of the United States that combines with strong pressure moving through the Ohio Valley.This creates a tight pressure gradient across the region, resulting in high winds which increase with elevation. Downbursts are also possible with thunderstorm events. Such events are an excessive burst of wind in excess of 125 miles per hour. They are often confused with tornadoes. Downbursts are caused by down drafts from the base of a convective thunderstorm cloud. It occurs when rain-cooled air within the cloud becomes heavier than its surroundings.Thus, air rushes towards the ground in a destructive yet isolated manner. There are two types of downbursts. Downbursts less than 2.5 miles wide, duration less than 5 minutes, and winds up to 168 miles per hour are called "microbursts." Larger events greater than 2.5 miles at the surface and longer than 5 minutes with winds up to 130 miles per hour are referred to as "macrobursts." 5.16.2 Location and Spatial Extent A wind event is an atmospheric hazard, and thus has no geographic boundaries. It is typically a widespread event that can occur in all regions of the United States. However, thunderstorms are most common in the central and southern states because atmospheric conditions in those regions are favorable for generating these powerful storms. Also, Augusta-Richmond County typically experiences several straight-line wind events each year. These wind events can and have caused significant damage. It is assumed that Augusta-Richmond County has uniform exposure to a thunderstorm/wind event and the spatial extent of an impact could be large. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:77 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.16.3 Historical Occurrences According to NCDC,there have been 182 reported thunderstorm wind and high wind events since 1950 in Augusta-Richmond County.27 These events caused almost $4.0 million (2016 dollars) in damages.28 There were also reports of one fatality and thirty-six injuries. Table 5.36 summarizes this information. Table 5.37 provides detailed thunderstorm wind and high wind event reports, including date, magnitude,and associated damages for each event. TABLE 5.36:SUMMARY OF THUNDERSTORM/HIGH WIND OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY Location Number of Deaths/ Injuries Property Damage Occurrences (2016) Augusta-Richmond County 156 1/34 $3,789,359 Blythe 5 0/2 $22,998 Fort Gordon 9 0/0 $52,755 Hephzibah 12 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 182 1/36 $3,977,975 Source:National Climatic Data Center TABLE 5.37: HISTORICAL THUNDERSTORM/HIGH WIND OCCURRENCES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Date Type Magnitudet Deaths/ Property Injuries Damage* Augusta-Richmond County RICHMOND CO. 5/22/1955 Thunderstorm Wind 58 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/24/1955 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/6/1955 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/29/1956 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/15/1956 Thunderstorm Wind 58 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/27/1956 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/11/1961 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/3/1966 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/8/1967 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/25/1968 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/8/1969 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/3/1970 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/16/1970 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/16/1970 Thunderstorm Wind 53 kts. 0/0 $0 27 These thunderstorm events are only inclusive of those reported by the National Climatic Data Center(NCDC)from 1950 through October 2016 and these high wind events are only inclusive of those reported by NCDC from 1996 through October 2016.It is likely that additional thunderstorm and high wind events have occurred in Augusta-Richmond County.As additional local data becomes available,this hazard profile will be amended. 28 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:78 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date Type Magnitudet Deaths/ Property Injuries Damage* RICHMOND CO. 3/2/1972 Thunderstorm Wind 53 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 3/16/1972 Thunderstorm Wind 75 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/5/1972 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 3/21/1974 Thunderstorm Wind 58 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/7/1974 Thunderstorm Wind 57 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/16/1975 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/22/1977 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 10/2/1977 Thunderstorm Wind 54 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/19/1978 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/29/1978 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/29/1978 Thunderstorm Wind 54 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 10/4/1979 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/9/1980 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/26/1980 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/7/1980 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 3/16/1981 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/10/1981 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/12/1981 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 2/16/1982 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/26/1982 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/10/1982 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/23/1983 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/5/1983 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/5/1983 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/15/1983 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 8/24/1983 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/14/1984 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/3/1984 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/22/1985 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/24/1988 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/30/1988 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 4/4/1989 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/5/1989 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 5/5/1989 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 2/10/1990 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 2/22/1990 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/1 $0 RICHMOND CO. 6/9/1990 Thunderstorm Wind 52 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 3/1/1991 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 7/12/1992 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 RICHMOND CO. 9/3/1992 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 Augusta 5/13/1993 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $8,327 Augusta 5/19/1993 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $8,327 Augusta 5/19/1993 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $83,269 McBean 6/26/1994 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $812 Augusta 6/28/1994 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $8,119 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:79 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Deaths/ Property Date Type Magnitudet Injuries Damage* Augusta 6/28/1994 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $8,119 Augusta 5/14/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/4 $3,158 Richmond 6/9/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 Augusta 6/12/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $790 South Augusta 6/12/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $28,423 Augusta 7/24/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $790 Augusta 11/7/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 Augusta 11/11/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $0 WEST AUGUSTA 1/24/1996 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 GOESHEN 3/7/1996 Thunderstorm Wind 75 kts. 0/0 $3,067,521 AUGUSTA 5/28/1996 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 GRACEWOOD 4/22/1997 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts. 0/0 $10,496 AUGUSTA 5/3/1997 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/19/1998 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 4/15/1999 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 8/23/1999 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 8/18/2000 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/3/2001 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/3/2001 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/22/2001 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 7/8/2001 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/3/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 70 kts.M 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/3/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 70 kts.M 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/3/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 COUNTYWIDE 5/13/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/29/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.E 0/1 $24,078 AUGUSTA 7/30/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 8/18/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 9/18/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 COUNTYWIDE 12/24/2002 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 2/22/2003 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.E 0/0 $0 CENTRAL PORTION 5/2/2003 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/18/2003 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 7/11/2003 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 11/19/2003 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/2/2004 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA BUSH 5/2/2004 Thunderstorm Wind 64 kts.MG 0/0 $0 ARPT AUGUSTA 4/22/2005 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 5/20/2005 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 8/4/2005 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 7/15/2006 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 7/20/2006 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 (AGS)BUSH FLD AUGUST 6/18/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 58 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 7/11/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 1/4 $0 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:80 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date Type Magnitudet Deaths/ Property Injuries Damage* AUGUSTA 3/4/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 70 kts.EG 0/0 $0 NATIONAL HILLS 3/15/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 61 kts.EG 0/0 $0 (AGS)BUSH FLD 5/20/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 58 kts.MG 0/0 $0 AUGUST AUGUSTA 5/20/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/22/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 RICHMOND(ZONE) 1/7/2009 Strong Wind 43 kts.EG 0/0 $16,826 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 6/12/2009 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 6/18/2009 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $6,730 (AGS)BUSH FLD 7/30/2009 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.MG 0/0 $0 AUGUST AUGUSTA 8/11/2009 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $2,243 AUGUSTA 12/9/2009 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $4,487 AUGUSTA DANIEL 1/24/2010 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $5,518 ARPT AUGUSTA 6/15/2010 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $44,144 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 6/25/2010 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $6,622 (AGS)BUSH FLD 7/27/2010 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.MG 0/0 $0 AUGUST AUGUSTA 7/31/2010 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $4,414 AUGUSTA 10/25/2010 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA DANIEL 3/9/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $535 ARPT SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 4/5/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts.EG 0/0 $72,749 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 4/5/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $1,070 BATH 4/28/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $19,257 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 4/28/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $40,654 (AGS)BUSH FLD 6/15/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 58 kts.MG 0/24 $0 AUGUST AUGUSTA 6/15/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $12,838 (AGS)BUSH FLD 6/21/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 52 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUST ELWOOD 6/21/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $535 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 6/21/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $8,559 ARAGON PARK 6/28/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $4,279 ARAGON PARK 6/28/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 (AGS)BUSH FLD 8/13/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.MG 0/0 $0 AUGUST (AGS)BUSH FLD 8/13/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $3,210 AUGUST (AGS)BUSH FLD 9/15/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 59 kts.MG 0/0 $0 AUGUST AUGUSTA DANIEL 10/13/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 ARPT NATIONAL HILLS 10/13/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA 2/24/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 70 kts.EG 0/0 $125,777 NATIONAL HILLS 4/3/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 NATIONAL HILLS 4/3/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:81 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Deaths/ Property Date Type Magnitudet Injuries Damage* NATIONAL HILLS 4/3/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 NATIONAL HILLS 4/3/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $0 NATIONAL HILLS 7/5/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $4,193 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 7/5/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $6,289 NATIONAL HILLS 8/9/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 8/9/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $524 SOUTH NELLIEVILLE 8/17/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $31,444 (AGS)BUSH FLD AUGUST 3/18/2013 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.MG 0/0 $0 DE BRUCE 1/11/2014 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $4,066 AUGUSTA DANIEL 11/23/2014 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $8,132 ARPT NIXON 6/22/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $48,735 NATIONAL HILLS 6/27/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $508 NATIONAL HILLS 7/2/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $28,429 AUGUSTA 7/20/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $24,368 AUGUSTA DANIEL 2/24/2016 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 ARPT Blythe BLYTHE 4/22/1997 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts. 0/2 $22,490 BLYTHE 7/27/1997 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 BLYTHE 4/14/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 BLYTHE 8/7/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 BLYTHE 6/9/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $508 Fort Gordon FT GORDON 12/17/2001 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 7/22/2006 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 3/1/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 6/18/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 7/31/2008 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 FT GORDON 6/18/2009 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $39,260 FT GORDON 7/3/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 60 kts.EG 0/0 $5,241 FT GORDON 7/5/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $4,193 FT GORDON 6/27/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $4,061 Hephzibah Hephzibah 6/17/1994 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $8,119 Hephzibah 7/16/1995 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0/0 $947 HEPHZIBAH 4/22/1997 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0/0 $4,498 HEPHZIBAH 6/10/1998 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 9/8/1998 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 6/22/2000 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.E 0/0 $5,444 HEPHZIBAH 2/13/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 3/2/2007 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $0 HEPHZIBAH 4/5/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts.EG 0/0 $89,866 HEPHZIBAH 6/21/2011 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $3,210 HEPHZIBAH 7/5/2012 Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts.EG 0/0 $4,193 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:82 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date Type Magnitudet Deaths/ Property Injuries Damage* HEPHZIBAH 4/19/2015 Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts.EG 0/0 $2,031 *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars;All damage may not have been reported. tE=estimated;EG=estimated gust;ES=estimated sustained;MG=measured gust;MS=measured sustained Source:National Climatic Data Center 5.16.4 Probability of Future Occurrence Given the high number of previous events, it is certain that wind events, including straight-line wind and thunderstorm wind, will occur in the future. This results in a probability level of highly likely (100 percent annual probability) for future thunderstorm/wind events for the entire county. Additionally, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), thunderstorm events in the future are likely to become more frequent in the southeast as a result of climate change. Thunderstorm potential is measured by an index that NASA. Created that is called the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) index.This measures how warm and moist the air is,which is a major contributing factor in thunderstorm formation. NASA projects that by the period of 2072-2099,the CAPE the southeastern United States will increase dramatically. Indeed, as Figure 5.26 shows, Augusta-Richmond County is in an area that will likely experience the greatest increase in CAPE in the United States.This indicates that there will potentially be even more frequent thunderstorms in the county going forward. FIGURE 5.26: CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY PROJECTED INCREASE BY 2072-2099 ' 1 ;\i ' - - --r ...... __ __ _ t. ilk { (, ✓Rt `` � * r ,k. " rx _ , .- , ., . f,„,,,,, ,, ), --r--- F`t ` �� '' rx SSP' � y �.—. : x as -,- � � ` 1 c ', I t S ---\\:.." ' • , 4 ,..f Convective Available Potential Energy(,4 ro 11111.11111111M ..AMilliii. `“o .'Ota IOC, IJP it. 4b0 Source:National Aeronautics and Space Administration Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:83 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.16.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Windstorms/thunderstorms are generally associated with several other hazards such as high wind and flooding, the latter of which is caused by torrential rain. As such, the public could be impacted in a number of ways by a thunderstorm event. High wind can cause trees to fall and potentially result in injuries or death and rising floodwaters can lead to drowning or other serious injury. Although often not as severe as hurricanes or tornadoes, the impacts on the public from thunderstorms can be significant, especially in the long-term. However,the public confidence is usually not affected to a large degree as a result of thunderstorms. Responders Responders are not generally affected to any great degree by thunderstorm events, although it should be noted that they could be impacted in many of the same ways as the public. Otherwise, responders could be affected by road blockages caused by downed trees or floodwaters, which would ultimately reduce their response time. Continuity of Operations In general, continuity of operations during a thunderstorm event can be maintained.Thunderstorm events often affect power in much the same way as tornadoes and hurricanes,which ultimately may impact operations. However,thunderstorm events are typically not large enough to severely affect normal operations and their impacts are not wide enough to disrupt continuity of operations in Augusta- Richmond County. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Thunderstorms often have their greatest impact on the built environment as they can cause damage to homes via strong winds or flooding and will often impact facilities and infrastructure in the same way. Power losses often occur due to damage to power lines and roads can flood and cause damage as well. In fact,thunderstorms are often considered one of the greater hazards of concern for local communities even though any given event will cause relatively little damage, because damaging events occur so frequently. Economy Economic impacts from thunderstorm events can often be far reaching as the damage from these events are often widespread, affecting both homes and businesses. This damage can result in business and economic disruption through the recovery process. Environment Thunderstorms can impact crops via high wind and flooding and can also impact the natural environment through these elements. Flooding can kill plants and animals as well as contaminate drinking water supplies for human populations. High wind can harm forests by bringing down trees and cause fires from downed power lines that impact the environment. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:84 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Technological/Man-Made Hazards 5.17 CHEMICAL HAZARD 5.17.1 Background Hazardous materials can be found in many forms and quantities that can potentially cause death; serious injury; long-lasting health effects; and damage to buildings, homes, and other property in varying degrees. Such materials are routinely used and stored in many homes and businesses and are also shipped daily on the nation's highways, railroads, waterways, and pipelines.This subsection on the hazardous material hazard is intended to provide a general overview of the hazard. The threshold for identifying fixed and mobile sources of hazardous materials is limited to general information on rail, highway, and FEMA-identified fixed HAZMAT sites determined to be of greatest significance as appropriate for the purposes of this plan. Hazardous material (HAZMAT) incidents can apply to fixed facilities as well as mobile, transportation- related accidents in the air, by rail, on the nation's highways, and on the water. These incidents can be further classified based on the state of the hazardous material; whether they consist of solid, liquid, and/or gaseous contaminants that are released from fixed or mobile containers.A HAZMAT incident can last hours to days and some chemicals can be corrosive or otherwise damaging over longer periods of time. In addition to the primary release, explosions and/or fires can result from a release, and contaminants can be extended beyond the initial area by persons, vehicles, water, wind, and possibly wildlife as well. HAZMAT incidents can also occur as a result of or in tandem with natural hazard events, such as floods, hurricanes,tornadoes,and earthquakes which, in addition to causing incidents,can also hinder response efforts. For example, flooding and hurricane events can lead to hazardous spills by causing flooded junkyards, disturbed cemeteries, deceased livestock, floating propane tanks, uncontrolled fertilizer spills,and a variety of other environmental pollutants that are of widespread toxological concern. Hazardous material incidents can include the spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment of a hazardous material, but exclude: (1) any release which results in exposure to poisons solely within the workplace with respect to claims which such persons may assert against the employer of such persons; (2) emissions from the engine exhaust of a motor vehicle, rolling stock, aircraft,vessel or pipeline pumping station engine; (3) release of source, byproduct,or special nuclear material from a nuclear incident; and (4)the normal application of fertilizer. 5.17.2 Location and Spatial Extent As a result of the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides public information on hazardous materials. One facet of this program is to collect information from industrial facilities on the releases and transfers of certain toxic agents. This information is then reported in the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI). TRI sites indicate where such activity is occurring. Augusta-Richmond County has 29 TRI sites. These fixed sites are summarized in Table 5.38 and shown in Figure 5.27. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:85 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.38:SUMMARY OF TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY SITES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Location TRI Facilities Augusta-Richmond County 28 Blythe 0 Fort Gordon 0 Hephzibah 1 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 29 FIGURE 5.27:TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY SITES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community a TRI Sites Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta NUS Roads Q^'► ® cO1 0 2 4 8di Bythe /./State Roads Fort Gordon - Interstatex e,: .r Hephabah 0 Surrounding Counties ., yr �J�, "� 0 IIIIIIk to ®E„ 41) O DO Aiken County O e OCIrr at e 04 MWOuCe Cou OD e 0 O ea 0 .i. County Burke County y 0 Source:Environmental Protection Agency In addition to"fixed" hazardous materials locations, hazardous materials may also impact the county via roadways and rail. Many roads and rails in the county are subject to hazardous materials transport and all roads and rails that permit hazardous material transport are considered potentially at risk to an incident. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:86 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.17.3 Historical Occurrences The U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) lists historical occurrences throughout the nation. A"serious incident" is a hazardous materials incident that involves: ❖ a fatality or major injury caused by the release of a hazardous material, ❖ the evacuation of 25 or more persons as a result of release of a hazardous material or exposure to fire, ❖ a release or exposure to fire which results in the closure of a major transportation artery, ❖ the alteration of an aircraft flight plan or operation, ❖ the release of radioactive materials from Type B packaging, ❖ the release of over 11.9 gallons or 88.2 pounds of a severe marine pollutant,or ❖ the release of a bulk quantity(over 199 gallons or 882 pounds)of a hazardous material. However, prior to 2002,a hazardous materials"serious incident"was defined as follows: ❖ a fatality or major injury due to a hazardous material, ❖ closure of a major transportation artery or facility or evacuation of six or more person due to the presence of hazardous material,or ❖ a vehicle accident or derailment resulting in the release of a hazardous material. There have been a total of 339 recorded HAZMAT incidents in Augusta-Richmond County since 1971 (Table 5.39). These events resulted in nearly $800,000 (2016 dollars) of property damage as well as 27 injuries.29 Table 5.40 presents detailed information on historical HAZMAT incidents in Augusta- Richmond County as reported by the U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). However, due to the high number of reported incidents, detailed information is only provided for those incidents that are classified as serious incidents. TABLE 5.39:SUMMARY OF HAZMAT INCIDENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Number of Property Damage Deaths Location Occurrences / Injuries (2016) Augusta-Richmond County 339 0/27 $771,913 Blythe 0 0/0 $0 Fort Gordon 0 0/0 $0 Hephzibah 0 0/0 $0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY 339 0/27 $771,913 TOTAL Source:United States Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 29 Adjusted dollar values were calculated based on the average Consumer Price Index for a given calendar year.This index value has been calculated every year since 1913.For 2016,the October 2016 monthly index was used. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:87 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES TABLE 5.40: HAZMAT INCIDENTS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Date City Mode Number Incident? Injuries ($)* Released Augusta-Richmond County 1-1971050086 4/13/1971 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/1 $0 0 1-1971120114 11/1/1971 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1971110181 11/16/1971 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1971120151 12/9/1971 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1972030123 3/9/1972 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1972060154 5/19/1972 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1972070315 5/30/1972 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1972100050 7/10/1972 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1972110005 7/25/1972 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1972100320 9/11/1972 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973020318 2/5/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973050019 4/3/1973 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/1 $0 0 1-1973050264 4/12/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973060085 5/19/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973070083 5/21/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973070479 7/3/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973080348 7/26/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973120078 10/19/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973120027 11/26/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973120183 11/30/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973120241 12/4/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1973120343 12/27/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974010198 12/28/1973 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974010328 1/17/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974020238 1/28/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974060643 6/9/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974080280 6/13/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974080740 7/26/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974090703 8/13/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974100530 10/8/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1974120108 11/11/1974 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1975040071 3/18/1975 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1975040732 4/17/1975 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1975060952 6/17/1975 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1975100981 10/17/1975 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1975120079 10/21/1975 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/1 $0 0 1-1975110751 11/12/1975 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1976010760 1/12/1976 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 150 LGA 1-1976010604 1/16/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 40 LGA 1-1976020291 1/26/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1976040805 3/30/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 10 LGA 1-1976040612 4/1/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1976080401 7/9/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1976090786 9/14/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:88 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Number Date City Mode Incident? Injuries ($)* Released 1-1976100493 9/29/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 3 LGA 1-1976120180 11/2/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1977010239 12/21/1976 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 LGA 1-1977020194 1/26/1977 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 2500 LGA 1-1977060355 5/17/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 LGA 1-1977061223 6/8/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1977061226 6/21/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1977100041 7/2/1977 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 55 LGA 1-1977080468 7/25/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 550 SLB 1-1977090932 8/30/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1977110852 11/3/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978010308 12/30/1977 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978020105 1/8/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1978020526 2/3/1978 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 286 LGA 1-1978041269 4/14/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978051189 4/16/1978 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978051538 5/17/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 125 SLB 1-1978080459 7/18/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978100062 9/19/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978110965 11/7/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1978120608 11/16/1978 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 147 LGA 1-1978120065 11/17/1978 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 40 SLB 1-1979040921 3/13/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1979050306 4/23/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1979050816 4/30/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1979120230 4/30/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 530 SLB 1-1979051361 5/17/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1979090663 8/14/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1979090574 8/20/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1979092002 9/7/1979 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1979101071 10/2/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1979111102 10/23/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1979111019 10/23/1979 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 LGA 1-1979120938 11/10/1979 AUGUSTA Rail Yes 0/12 $0 10216 LGA 1-1980010733 12/18/1979 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 4500 LGA 1-1980020147 1/22/1980 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/1 $0 0 1-1980041559 3/31/1980 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1980050839 4/30/1980 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 1660 LGA 1-1980090152 5/5/1980 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1980061192 5/15/1980 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 50 SLB 1-1980081138 7/25/1980 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 2600 LGA 1-1980100882 9/5/1980 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 10 LGA 1-1981020093 1/15/1981 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1981070123 6/16/1981 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1981100286 9/30/1981 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1981110260 10/29/1981 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 LGA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:89 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Number Date City Mode Incident? Injuries j ($)* Released 1-1981120176 11/18/1981 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 3 SLB 1-1982030376 2/24/1982 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 460 SLB 1-1982040634 4/16/1982 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1982080049 7/16/1982 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 1-1983010130 12/28/1982 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 SLB 1-1983090329 9/1/1983 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $0 329 LGA 1-1983090642 9/13/1983 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1984070089 6/11/1984 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.12 LGA 1-1985030274 2/19/1985 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA 1-1985060295 6/11/1985 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1985120234 11/16/1985 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.12 LGA 1-1985110321 11/21/1985 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1986010113 11/26/1985 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 SLB 1-1986010292 1/9/1986 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.5 LGA 1-1986040463 3/18/1986 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 10 LGA 1-1986090595 9/9/1986 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1.5 LGA 1-1988050056 3/15/1988 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1988060186 5/9/1988 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1988060174 5/9/1988 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1988060175 5/10/1988 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.12 LGA 1-1988070588 5/10/1988 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1988060175 5/10/1988 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA 1-1988090451 9/2/1988 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA 1-1989010387 12/24/1988 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 20 LGA 1-1989040536 4/15/1989 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 2 LGA 1-1989050242 4/18/1989 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1989050355 4/27/1989 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1989110463 10/16/1989 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $136,352 0 1-1989110057 10/17/1989 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1989110127 11/3/1989 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1990060775 11/3/1989 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $6,870 40 LGA 1-1989120012 11/9/1989 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1990020218 1/31/1990 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1990050075 4/4/1990 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 30 LGA 1-1990060181 5/25/1990 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1990100590 9/12/1990 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $110 55 LGA 1-1990090627 9/13/1990 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1991040562 4/14/1991 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $27 10 LGA 1-1991060673 5/30/1991 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 15 LGA 1-1991070747 7/19/1991 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $2 0.125 LGA 1-1991070746 7/19/1991 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.125 LGA 1-1992020211 2/10/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $943 100 LGA 1-1992040558 3/16/1992 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.0625 LGA 1-1992060113 5/25/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.375 LGA 1-1992060406 5/26/1992 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 50 LGA 1-1992070583 7/16/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $9 1 LGA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:90 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Date City Mode Number Incident? Injuries ($) Released 1-1992080147 7/20/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1992080148 7/20/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1992080672 7/28/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $34 0.125 LGA 1-1992100705 9/22/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA 1-1992100608 9/29/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $3 1 LGA 1-1992110520 10/25/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $86 0.125 LGA 1-1992110519 10/25/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $86 0.125 LGA 1-1992110518 10/25/1992 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $86 0.125 LGA 1-1993060977 5/14/1993 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1993060923 5/27/1993 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $250 0.5 LGA 1-1993100138 9/7/1993 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $2,270 55 LGA 1-1993100130 9/16/1993 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $50 40 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $804 1.056688 1-1993110942 10/6/1993 Highway No LGA 1-1993110325 10/23/1993 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1994050375 4/1/1994 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 20 LGA 1-1994051341 4/11/1994 AUGUSTA Rail Yes 0/0 $17,212 500 LGA 1-1994051470 4/28/1994 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $203 4 LGA 1-1994051216 5/8/1994 AUGUSTA Rail Yes 0/2 $0 1 LGA 1-1994051216 5/8/1994 AUGUSTA Rail Yes 0/2 $0 1 LGA 1-1994060684 5/9/1994 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1994060996 5/31/1994 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $4,888 10 LGA 1-1994091182 8/16/1994 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $63 0.25 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.264172 1-1995010637 11/28/1994 Highway No LGA 1-1995010636 12/5/1994 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 4 LGA 1-1995010232 12/20/1994 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $487 31 LGA 1-1995020729 1/10/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 2 LGA 1-1995020726 1/24/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 3 LGA 1-1995040434 3/29/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1995050161 4/7/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-1995060242 5/9/1995 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.125 LGA 1-1995080029 7/13/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $790 2 LGA 1-1995080029 7/13/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $790 2 LGA 1-1995111072 11/8/1995 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $5,527 1965 LGA 1-1995121060 11/20/1995 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1996020123 1/4/1996 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $230,064 5355 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $4,578 0.195313 1-1996030549 2/20/1996 Highway No LGA 1-1996050229 4/5/1996 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 1-1996050936 4/19/1996 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $460 10 LGA 1-1996050700 4/26/1996 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1996060338 5/8/1996 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.5 LGA 1-1996080336 7/18/1996 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1996080336 7/18/1996 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1996090839 9/6/1996 AUGUSTA Rail Yes 0/0 $38,344 100000 SLB 1-1996091322 9/12/1996 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:91 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Number Date City Mode Incident? Injuries j ($)* Released 1-1996090670 9/17/1996 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $902 330 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $75 0.007813 1-1997110332 1/3/1997 Highway Yes LGA 1-1997020138 1/24/1997 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 8 SLB 1-1997020139 1/29/1997 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1997110333 2/14/1997 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $75 0.09375 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.015625 1-1997110334 4/18/1997 Highway No LGA 1-1997060720 5/14/1997 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $3,576 40 LGA 1-1997060332 5/17/1997 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $225 10 LGA 1-1997070020 5/23/1997 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $225 4000 LGA 1-1997080708 6/4/1997 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $300 5 LGA 1-1997070220 6/6/1997 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 3 LGA 1-1997101161 9/11/1997 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1997091435 9/13/1997 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/1 $0 5 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.023438 1-1997101147 9/21/1997 Highway No LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.007809 1-1997101140 9/28/1997 Highway No LGA 1-1998040756 3/23/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $576 10 LGA 1-1998050006 4/8/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $4,872 5 LGA 1-1998050003 4/20/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $443 8 LGA 1-1998051393 5/11/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1998061071 6/9/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 10 LGA 1-1998080048 7/10/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $295 0.5 LGA 1-1998091500 9/11/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $4,577 30 LGA 1-1998091535 9/15/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $258 0.0625 LGA 1-1998111179 10/5/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $1,462 3 LGA 1-1998110702 11/13/1998 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.5 LGA 1-1999030868 2/22/1999 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 40 SLB 1-1999050623 4/14/1999 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1999060018 5/22/1999 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $744 2 LGA 1-1999110106 9/21/1999 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-1999110805 10/29/1999 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $1,238 40 LGA 1-1999121244 12/5/1999 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-2001051487 12/10/1999 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $16,178 250 LGA 1-1999121425 12/17/1999 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 10 LGA 1-2000010656 1/11/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2000020604 2/2/2000 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 50 LGA 1-2000041053 4/14/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $3,756 75 LGA 1-2000051648 5/11/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $419 5 SLB 1-2000080506 7/18/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-2000081322 7/22/2000 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.8375 LGA 1-2000090275 7/28/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $252 1.5 LGA 1-2000080495 7/30/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $28 20 LGA 1-2000090923 8/16/2000 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA 1-2000120384 8/30/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $2,795 50 LGA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:92 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Number Date City Mode Incident? Injuries ($)* Released 1-2000100184 9/10/2000 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 40 LGA 1-2000120101 10/23/2000 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $1,048 5 SLB 1-2001030287 1/18/2001 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $340 0.000065 SLB 1-2001070596 6/20/2001 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 15 LGA 1-2001070599 6/25/2001 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 15 LGA 1-2001071521 6/27/2001 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-2001070509 7/5/2001 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $272 0.125 LGA 1-2001080495 7/21/2001 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.125 LGA 1-2001110044 10/26/2001 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $272 2 SLB 1-2002010100 10/30/2001 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA 1-2002060257 5/8/2002 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.125 LGA 1-2002071160 7/10/2002 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2002090356 7/23/2002 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $268 0 1-2002100745 8/27/2002 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2002090696 8/29/2002 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $20 15 LGA 1-2002100283 9/4/2002 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $1,471 16 LGA 1-2002101094 10/14/2002 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $13 5 LGA 1-2002120628 12/5/2002 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/0 $201 150 LGA 1-2003030330 2/14/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 3 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.001057 1-2003040247 3/13/2003 Highway No LGA 1-2003050062 4/11/2003 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $13 1 LGA 1-2003051205 4/25/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/3 $392 20 LGA 1-2003060385 5/8/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $5,395 40 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.264172 1-2003070400 5/28/2003 Highway No LGA 1-2003060888 6/4/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $177 0.5 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $1,112 0.023438 1-2003060884 6/5/2003 Highway No LGA 1-2003080102 6/24/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $327 15 LGA 1-2003080457 6/26/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $39 0.125 LGA 1-2003080322 7/14/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-2003101106 9/24/2003 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2003101416 10/2/2003 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2003120701 11/17/2003 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2004030306 2/27/2004 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $255 3 LGA 1-2004040357 4/1/2004 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $185 2 LGA 1-2004071171 7/8/2004 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $13 10 LGA 1-2004080379 7/22/2004 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-2004080097 7/29/2004 AUGUSTA Air No 0/0 $0 0.000066 SLB 1-2004090424 8/14/2004 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $127 2 LGA 1-2004110038 10/25/2004 AUGUSTA Highway Yes 0/1 $0 33085 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.015625 1-2004110296 10/26/2004 Highway No LGA 1-2005010065 12/21/2004 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 5 LGA 1-2005020956 2/1/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0 E-2005040157 3/15/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $55,504 900 GCF Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:93 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Number Date City Mode Incident? Injuries � ($)* Released E-2005040157 3/15/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $55,504 900 GCF E-2005040157 3/15/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $55,504 900 GCF 1-2005050010 3/19/2005 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $801 75 LGA 1-2005050305 4/2/2005 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $10,782 5 LGA 1-2005050744 4/22/2005 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $4,350 3 LGA E-2005080090 7/21/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $4,621 50 LGA 1-2005081778 7/25/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.5 LGA 1-2005090002 8/4/2005 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2005091140 9/12/2005 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2006020313 1/20/2006 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2006020420 1/27/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $3,024 12.6125 LGA 1-2006030266 2/15/2006 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $1,802 1 LGA 1-2006060155 5/23/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 LGA 1-2006070723 6/26/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA E-2006100093 8/25/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 3 LGA E-2006110138 8/29/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 20 LGA X-2006120114 11/9/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA 1-2006120394 11/22/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA X-2007010028 12/8/2006 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 32 SLB 1-2007020606 2/7/2007 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.0625 LGA X-2007030081 2/9/2007 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.52836 LGA 1-2007040129 3/24/2007 AUGUSTA Rail Yes 0/0 $41,202 4000 SLB X-2007040079 3/27/2007 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2007050336 5/5/2007 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $1,741 1 LGA X-2007070073 6/27/2007 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.007812 E-2007070412 7/19/2007 Highway No LGA X-2007100336 10/5/2007 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.79254 LGA X-2007100400 10/11/2007 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2008020089 2/4/2008 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $3,353 0.01671 GCF E-2008030214 2/21/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.0625 LGA X-2008050015 4/11/2008 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.1 LGA X-2008060142 5/22/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2008060122 5/27/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2008070279 7/3/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2008080252 8/12/2008 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $5,589 5 LGA X-2008090120 8/28/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2.204623 SLB AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.039062 E-2008100074 9/5/2008 Highway No LGA X-2008090286 9/10/2008 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $1,688 1 LGA E-2008090278 9/15/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.09375 LGA E-2008100346 10/3/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $5,589 40 LGA X-2008120005 11/15/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2008120205 12/5/2008 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2009050154 4/18/2009 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 1 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.046875 E-2009050247 4/20/2009 Highway No LGA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:94 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Report Serious Fatalities/ Damages Quantity Number Date City Mode Incident? Injuries ($)* Released X-2009060333 6/10/2009 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0 E-2009070201 6/15/2009 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.1875 LGA X-2009070007 6/23/2009 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 0.125 LGA X-2009070008 6/27/2009 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $1,688 0.25 LGA X-2009100167 9/18/2009 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA X-2009110173 10/27/2009 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.0625 LGA X-2010070262 7/6/2010 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2011050487 5/11/2011 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA X-2011070461 7/8/2011 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA E-2011090438 8/30/2011 AUGUSTA Rail No 0/0 $0 12 LGA X-2012080475 7/25/2012 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.26418 LGA E-2012100311 10/1/2012 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 20 LGA 1-2013010443 11/28/2012 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.125 LGA E-2012120319 12/3/2012 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.03125 SLB E-2013040069 3/19/2013 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA E-2013040071 3/19/2013 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 LGA E-2014090674 6/3/2014 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.2 LGA E-2014060223 6/9/2014 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.000011 SLB E-2014080273 8/15/2014 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 SLB 1-2014100047 9/9/2014 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 2 LGA E-2014120328 12/16/2014 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.0625 LGA E-2015020506 1/30/2015 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.5 LGA E-2015071286 7/28/2015 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 1 SLB E-2015120470 11/30/2015 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.007812 X-2016010159 12/14/2015 Highway No LGA E-2016010325 12/26/2015 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/1 $5,077 1 LGA AUGUSTA 0/0 $0 0.015625 1-2016030041 2/23/2016 Highway No LGA 1-2016030250 3/18/2016 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $0 0.25 LGA E-2016070779 7/27/2016 AUGUSTA Highway No 0/0 $7,500 15 LGA Blythe None Reported -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Fort Gordon None Reported -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Hephzibah None Reported -- -- -- -- -- -- -- *Property damage is reported in 2016 dollars. Source:United States Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration In addition, the county recently experienced a hazardous materials incident on February 5, 2017 at a fixed site where there was a release of liquid nitrogen on site that caused one death and 4 hospitalizations.This incident is currently being investigated,as of mid-February 2017. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:95 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.17.4 Probability of Future Occurrence Given the location of numerous TRI facilities in Augusta-Richmond County as well as prior roadway, railway, air, and other incidents it is highly likely (100 percent annual probability) that a hazardous material incident may occur in the county. County and municipal officials are mindful of this possibility and take precautions to prevent such an event from occurring. Additionally, there are detailed plans in place to respond to an occurrence. 5.17.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) The accidental or intentional release of a hazardous material could have both immediate and long lasting effects on the health of the public. Any release needs to be quickly identified and the proper response guidelines followed to reduce the possible impact on the public. Evacuation is always a consideration when dealing with harmful substances. The public should be aware that hazards exist from the presence of hazardous materials, and should take preparedness actions at home and in the workplace to act should a release of materials occur. Chemical hazards can have a significant effect on public confidence in government as incidents often cause serious harm to people via long-term health impacts, contamination of soil or drinking water, and even death. Because of the dangers associated with many chemicals and the level of control that humans have over chemical incidents compared to natural hazards, public confidence could be damaged severely in the event of an incident. Responders First responders must be vigilant when chemical/hazardous materials are suspected to be involved. The proper protective apparel must be worn and protocols must be followed to ensure that contaminated individuals and objects go through appropriate decontamination procedures prior to being moved away from the incident, regardless of the situation. Contamination of other responders or citizens must be avoided.The appropriate personnel,such as Hazardous Materials teams, must be notified to ensure that the proper measures are taken to prevent further harm and other related impacts. Continuity of Operations During a hazardous materials incident, normal operations are likely be maintained with only moderate stress on daily operations. In the event of a larger scale hazardous materials spill, there could be some loss of continuity of operations as a result of strain on personnel and equipment, but typically this will not be the case. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential — Residential structures have numerous hazardous materials sitting around that are generally contained, but can become hazards when spilled, used incorrectly, mixed with other chemicals, or come in contact with fire. Cleaning products, fertilizers, and pesticides are common examples of household supplies that are considered hazardous materials. Fires, explosions, leaks, or releases into the air or water supply are the incidents most likely to occur from residential buildings. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:96 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Commercial — Commercial buildings may have hazardous materials contained within them that could present a hazard.These materials are regulated and reported to appropriate entities. Proper containers and labeling can prevent inappropriate use, but accidents can still cause workers to be exposed. Industrial — Many industrial facilities have some types of hazardous materials onsite that could, if handled improperly, become a health and/or environmental risk. Hazardous Materials Facilities — A hazardous materials event is most likely to take place where the material is created or stored. Hazardous materials facilities have their own highly-trained personnel for handling and cleaning up the particular substances stored onsite. The facility's plans are highly specific to the materials stored there, thus providing for effective responses to incidents that involve these materials. Some facilities contain hazardous materials that can spread or leak quickly, or are held in extremely dangerous concentrations.There can still be significant effects on workers and others in close proximity despite having good planning in place. Critical Facilities and Personnel Hospitals — Hospitals utilize and store some hazardous materials on site. Biological materials and radioactive wastes are the primary concerns in a hospital setting. Plans are in place to manage these concerns in both routine and emergency situations. An external hazardous materials event that occurs near the hospital or directly impacts a hospital could create service disruptions such as patient care. Decisions about sheltering-in-place or evacuation could be complex, and may require outside resources if evacuations are deemed necessary in a situation. Emergency Services — Some emergency services facilities store hazardous materials onsite, including cleaning agents and fuel.These must be appropriately contained and labeled. Emergency Shelters — Emergency shelters may be opened if homes have been exposed to hazardous materials and evacuations occur. Hazardous materials could also impact emergency shelters themselves. If this occurs, inhabitants would be moved to alternative facilities. Transportation Systems Interstates—Hazardous materials can have an impact on interstate transportation if a release occurs on or in the vicinity of the roadway. Significant traffic disruptions may occur, slowing commerce or forcing alternative routing and further congestion of other areas. Airports—Airports facilities may have to cease operations if hazardous materials are released nearby or discovered onsite. Rail Lines—Rail lines are one of the more prominent places that hazardous materials are transported. A hazardous materials event on the rail system can impact rail traffic and the overall system. Cleanup efforts wherever the event occurred could be costly and go on for extended periods,shutting down that part of the rail system for that time. Critical Utilities Power Lines — It is possible for power lines to be impacted by hazardous materials if fire or other physical hazards to the network are involved. Long-term outages may occur if there are many downed or corrupted lines or technicians are unable to repair issues due to the presence of hazardous materials. Natural Gas—Natural gas distribution lines can be problematic with some hazardous materials if contact is made with the natural gas supply. Most of the natural gas infrastructure is located underground, making exposure highly unlikely. However, natural gas itself can be the hazardous material involved in the incident. A utility or other work crew member may strike a line and cause a leak. Also, degradation of the line can cause a release. Explosions and fires would be significant concerns for the immediate vicinity. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:97 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Communication Systems and Networks Telephone Systems/Cell Phone Towers — It is possible for telephone lines or cell phone towers to be impacted by hazardous materials if fire or other physical hazards to these networks are involved. Long- term outages may occur if there are many downed or corrupted lines/towers or technicians are unable to repair issues due to the presence of hazardous materials. Internet Capabilities—Internet connections are not likely to be impacted by hazardous materials unless cable-based connections are impacted. Wireless sites that are hit directly may cause local or regional connectivity problems. Economy Small/Local Employers — The economic impact of a hazardous materials-related incident can be significant locally. Directly affected commerce is the greatest concern, as spills and releases can force businesses such as shopping centers, markets, and financial centers to be shut down for indeterminate periods of time. Contaminated water can be especially problematic as it can cause extensive shutdowns and put many people in danger. The overall costs depend on the chemical(s) involved, how much is released, the processes and time used to manage the spill or release, who or what is contaminated, whether a fire takes place, etc. Cleanup is a less significant cost and is typically handled by the party responsible for the spill or release. Large Employers — Large employers can be significantly impacted by hazardous materials, especially if the hazardous material is located on-site of the business. Cleanup processes may be costly after the incident depending on the product involved and the severity of the exposure,spill,or release. Financial Centers — Hazardous materials incidents could have a significant impact on financial centers, especially during business hours. Cleanup processes may be costly after the incident depending on the product involved and the severity of the exposure,spill,or release. Special Consideration Areas City Centers — Hazardous materials incidents would likely have a significant impact on city centers, especially during hours when there are many people present. Cleanup processes could be very costly after the incident depending on the product involved and the severity of the exposure,spill,or release. Large Event Arenas — A hazardous materials incident could occur at any large gathering if it was the target of a terrorism event. Also, a large event arena could be forced to deal with a hazardous materials incident if it is located in close proximity to them. Arenas and other major event venues may also be situated along transportation routes where vehicles transporting such materials could become involved in an accident. Historical and Cultural Landmarks — Hazardous materials are unlikely to impact parks or its visitors unless it was specifically targeted or affected by a person,vehicle, or other carrier, or if the substance's leak or release were to spread from an incident into the park(s). Environment The environmental impact is highly dependent on the location and the severity of the event. Some of the materials involved in these incidents can be cleaned up or do not have lasting impacts on the areas affected. Others may cause crops and other vegetation to be destroyed, sometimes beyond the ability to grow back and animal populations may become displaced.Some areas may be deemed uninhabitable or not fit for development. Water sources may also be impacted by hazardous materials releases or spills, which can affect fish, animal, and plant populations as well as humans that come in contact with contaminated water. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:98 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.18 CYBERTERRORISM 5.18.1 Background Cyber attacks represent a broad category of incidents that relate to deliberate attacks on information technology systems that the world has come to rely on more and more in recent years. Unlike traditional forms of physical attack,cyber attacks are often difficult to identify and recognize.Among the potential threats encompassed under the categorization of a cyber threat are viruses erasing systems, intruders breaking into systems and altering files or using a device to attack others, and stealing confidential information.3° Cyberterrorism is a deliberate attack on an individual or group using the internet. In the past few decades, society has become dependent on computers and internet connections for much of daily life. This dependence has opened up the avenue for crime to be committed from afar,often from a different country. Some common examples of cyberterrorism include a hacker accessing bank accounts by hacking into a bank's website, infecting a computer system with a virus,Trojan horse, or worm to inflict damage to the information in the system, or disseminating incorrect or otherwise flawed information, also called "misinformation." Also, denial-of-service attacks could occur against prominent websites, which prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services. One of the most challenging aspects of mitigating and preparing for cyber attacks is that they can be carried out by many disparate sources to achieve different ends. Some attacks are carried out by individuals, while others are orchestrated as part of state-sponsored activities. Moreover, some attacks are intended to steal information or money, while others are intended to purposefully disrupt daily operations. 5.18.2 Location and Spatial Extent Cyber attacks could occur anywhere within the county and because of the pervasiveness of information technology systems, the impacts could be widespread throughout the community and difficult to predict. 5.18.3 Historical Occurrences In Augusta-Richmond County, large-scale cyberterrorism attempts or attacks have not been reported, though there was a breach of the Division of Aging Services at the state level that affected some citizens of Augusta. Additionally, the State of Georgia was the victim of a breach in 2015 that compromised roughly 6 million social security numbers. In addition, in the recently published 2016 Data Breach Investigation Report31 shows that most the major breaches that take place across the country are in the Finance sector and the Accommodation sector. A full breakdown of the number of breach incidents by industry sector can be found in Figure 5.28. 3°https://www.ready.gov/cyber-attack 31 Data Breach Investigations Report.Verizon.2016.Retrieved on January 3,2017 from http://www.verizonenterprise.com/verizon-insights-lab/dbir/2016/ Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:99 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.28: NATIONWIDE CYBER-BREACHES BY INDUSTRY SECTOR Indioley Mid Sari Law 01112101111111 Accommodation(72) 282 136 10 135 Administrative(S6) 18 6 2 10 Agriculture(11! 1 0 O 1 Construction(23) 4 0 1 3 Educational(61) 29 3 8 18 Entertainment(71) 38 18 1 19 Finance(52) 795 14 94 687 Healthcare(62) 115 18 20 77 Information(69 194 12 12 170 Management(55) 0 0 O 0 Manufacturing(3t-33) 37 S 11 21 to ning(2 t) 7 0 6 1 Other Services(89 11 5 2 4 Professional(54) 53 10 4 39 Public(92) 193 4 122 67 Real Estate(53) 5 3 0 2 AMA(44-45) 182 101 14 67 Trade(42) 4 2 2 0 Transportation(48-49) 15 1 3 11 Utilities(22) 7 0 O 7 Unknown 270 109 O 161 Total 2.260 447 312 1501 Source:Data Breach Investigations Report,2016 As can be seen in Figure 5.29, Crimeware and Miscellaneous Errors together account for more than 50 percent of the data breaches.According to the Verizon report, crimeware represents malware infections that defy exact classification and are less likely to receive an intense investigation or involve law enforcement. These attacks tend to be motivated by financial gain and are opportunistic in nature. Miscellaneous Errors are basically an error on the part of a user that results in a breach of data. Examples of this include sensitive information reaching the wrong recipient, publishing nonpublic data to public servers,and insecure disposal of personal data (such as medical records). Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:100 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.29: BREAKDOWN OF BREACHES BY TYPE MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS 29.4% CRIMEWARE .■_ 25.1% INSIDER MISUSE 20,6% PHYSICAL THEFT/LOSS --■ 15.3% WEB APP ATTACKS ■ 4.1% DENIAL OF SERVICE ■ 3.9% CYBER-ESPIONAGE ' 0.8% POS INTRUSIONS I 0.7% PAYMENT CARD SKIMMERS 0.1% Source:Data Breach Investigations Report,2016 5.18.4 Probability of Future Occurrence Although there have been no previous cyber threats in the county of significant impact, it is possible (between 1 and 10 percent annual probability)that the county could be impacted in the future. 5.18.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) The aim of a cyberterrorist is typically to corrupt or exploit protected information. Depending on the target of the ploy, a significant number of people can be victims of identity theft, fraud, or other forms of technology-based crime. Anyone with an account, membership, or other relationship with an entity that requires the storage of information is vulnerable. An individual/user must rely on the entity of affiliation to create and maintain safeguards against the intrusion of computerized systems. However, even the strongest of safeguards can be corrupted or evaded. Continual monitoring of attempted or successful attempts at cyberterrorism is warranted to lessen the potential impacts. The public confidence in government and nongovernmental organizations response may be impacted by a disaster based upon societal expectations and media influence with respect to cyberterrorism. Public confidence can be gained when the public's expectations of response and recovery services are met or exceeded. Public confidence may be impacted by media interpretation and reporting of the event, whether positively or negatively. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:101 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Responders Cyberterrorists may try to intrude into electronic safety equipment or systems. This may increase call volume, block systems,or otherwise hinder emergency operations. Continuity of Operations In the event of a cyber-attack, continuity of operations could be impacted if many of the services (such as internet or other IT programs) that are required to maintain daily operations are shut down by the attack.This could cause considerable detriment to normal operations in the county. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential—There are no expected impacts other than individual users at a localized level that would not pertain to this plan. Commercial—Some commercial technologies may be targeted and exploited by cyberterrorists. Industrial—Some industrial technologies may be targeted and exploited by cyberterrorists. Hazardous Materials Facilities—Cyberterrorists may target and exploit or manipulate processes which in turn cause the release of hazardous materials. Critical Facilities and Personnel Hospitals—Cyberterrorists may target life sustaining equipment or systems,or cause other technological disruptions. Emergency Services — Cyberterrorists may target and sabotage information networks and communications equipment that could disrupt services. Emergency Shelters—Emergency shelters are unlikely to be targets of cyberterrrorism. Transportation Systems Interstates—There are no expected impacts. Airports—Numerous systems utilized by airports can be compromised by cyberterrorists. Rail Lines—Numerous systems utilized by rail lines can be compromised by cyberterrorists. Critical Utilities High Voltage Distribution Lines—Cyberterrorists could target and sabotage power distribution systems. Power Lines—Cyberterrorists could target and sabotage power distribution systems. Natural Gas—Natural gas distribution technologies could be targeted by cyberterrorism. Communications Systems and Networks Telephone Systems — The telephone system could be compromised by cyberterrorists, either by disrupting the ability to use it or exploiting the information that can be obtained from those using it. Cell Phone Towers — Operations could be disrupted by cyberterrorists exploiting systems and equipment. Internet Capabilities—Cyberterrorists can compromise the systems that provide internet accessibility. Economy Small/Local Employers— Freezing, redirecting, or stealing financial assets can have drastic impacts on a small business. Banking and credit institutions are commonly affected or targeted by fraudulent Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:102 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES activities and often store a great deal of information on small businesses, so large-scale intrusions can have significant impacts on the local economy. Large Employers—Large employers are more likely to be targeted by cyberterrorists than individuals or small businesses. Larger businesses generally have greater assets to exploit and store more personal information on private individuals or employees. Financial Centers — As stated previously, banking and credit institutions are commonly affected or targeted by fraudulent activities. Large-scale intrusions can have significant economic impact. Special Consideration Areas City Centers—There are no expected impacts. Large Event Arenas — Electronically ticketed events may require purchasers to provide personal information that could be compromised. Historical and Cultural Landmarks—There are no expected impacts. Environment There are no expected impacts. 5.19 DAM/LEVEE FAILURE 5.19.1 Background Worldwide interest in dam and levee safety has risen significantly in recent years. Aging infrastructure, new hydrologic information, and population growth in floodplain areas downstream from dams and near levees have resulted in an increased emphasis on safety,operation,and maintenance. There are approximately 80,000 dams in the United States today, the majority of which are privately owned. Other owners include state and local authorities, public utilities, and federal agencies. The benefits of dams are numerous: they provide water for drinking, navigation, and agricultural irrigation. Dams also provide hydroelectric power, create lakes for fishing and recreation, and save lives by preventing or reducing floods. Though dams have many benefits, they also can pose a risk to communities if not designed, operated, and maintained properly. In the event of a dam failure, the energy of the water stored behind even a small dam is capable of causing loss of life and great property damage if development exists downstream. If a levee breaks, scores of properties may become submerged in floodwaters and residents may become trapped by rapidly rising water. The failure of dams and levees has the potential to place large numbers of people and great amounts of property in harm's way. 5.19.2 Location and Spatial Extent Dam extent can be determined using the Georgia Safe Dams Program dam classification system which uses a high (category I), significant (category II), exempt, and breached classifications. The hazard classification system is based on the consequences of failure, not the condition of the dam. According to the"Georgia Safe Dams Act of 1978": • Category I dams are those for which improper operation or dam failure would result in probable loss of human life. Situations constituting 'probable loss of life' are those situations involving Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:103 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES frequently occupied structures or facilities, including but not limited to, residences, commercial and manufacturing facilities,schools,and churches. • Category II dams are those for which improper operation or dam failure would not be expected to result in probable loss of human life. As of 2016, there were 27 identified dams in the county and 6 were classified as Category II hazard dams. These dams are listed in the Table 5.41 below and Figure 5.30 shows the location of inventoried dams in the County. TABLE 5.41:SUMMARY OF DAM LOCATIONS AND BREACHES Number of High Location Number of Dams Number of Breaches Hazard Dams Augusta-Richmond County 27 6 0 Blythe 0 0 0 Fort Gordon 0 0 0 Hephzibah 0 0 0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 27 6 0 Source:Georgia Safe Dams Program Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:104 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES FIGURE 5.30:AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY DAM LOCATION AND HAZARD RANKING Legend Augusta-Richmond County, Georgia Community w US Roads Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta /`�/State Roads 21 E. •CouA. i ...2 4 8 N Blythe "/Interstate ' Fort Gordon GA SDP Classification Hephzibah • Category I:High Pi% Surrounding Counties • Category II:Significant • 4 • Aiken county Columbia County 41111 "..1111111\1141Mctu16e Cou-. 111 • >Q 410, ElJett- County Stoke County 0 Source:Georgia Safe Dams Program,2016 It should be noted that dam regulations for classifying dams was recently changed. As a result, generally more dams are classified as high hazard. 5.19.3 Historical Occurrences There have been no dam breaches reported in Augusta-Richmond County according to the Georgia Safe Dams Program. 5.19.4 Probability of Future Occurrence Given the current dam inventory and historic data, a dam breach is unlikely (less than 1 percent annual probability) in the future. However, as has been demonstrated in the past, regular monitoring is necessary to prevent these events. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:105 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.19.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Many of the impacts associated with a dam/levee failure are the same as those that would be associated with a flood event. However,the primary difference for members of the public in the case of a dam/levee failure is that often citizens who might be impacted by a dam/levee failure may believe themselves to be protected from flood events as a result of the dam/levee and therefore, may not be anticipating the event. This may have a severe impact on public confidence in the long run as citizens may view this as a failure of government institutions to properly regulate and control the dam/levee. That is to say, they may ultimately view the incident as preventable, unlike a flood that occurs purely from natural causes. Responders Similar to the issues associated with the flood hazard, responders would be impacted by a dam/levee failure as they may be forced to attempt to assist citizens who have become trapped in their homes or in flood waters. Responders may have difficulty accessing homes or other structures where they need to provide support. Continuity of Operations A dam/levee failure would be unlikely to impact continuity of operations as the event would likely be confined to a specific area of the county and most operations facilities in the county are not at risk of being impacted by a dam/levee failure. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential — Any residential properties located downstream of a dam/levee and located in the inundation zone may be impacted. Commercial — Commercial properties may be impacted in a way that is similar to the impacts from a flood event. Industrial—Any industrial facilities that are located within a dam/levee failure inundation zone may be impacted by the event. Hazardous Materials—Similar to flood events, if a facility that houses hazardous materials is impacted by flooding from a dam/levee failure, there may be contamination of the stream/river and ultimately the water supply. Critical Facilities and Personnel Hospitals — Hospitals tend to not be located in dam/levee failure inundation zones, but could be impacted in terms of providing care if certain roads are flooded and patients cannot reach the hospital to receive care. Emergency Services—Like hospitals, most emergency services facilities are not located in high risk areas to a dam/levee failure, however they may be impacted in terms of accessibility. Emergency Shelters — Emergency shelters are typically selected in locations that are safe from dam/levee failure. However, if shelters were impacted, they would likely experience similar impacts as those from a flood event. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:106 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Transportation Systems Interstates — Interstate highways are typically built in areas where they will not be flooded by a dam/levee failure, though other important roadways may become flooded causing accessibility and travel issues. Airports —Airport facilities are rarely located in dam/levee failure inundation areas, so airports would not likely be impacted. Rail Lines—Rail lines tend to be built well above flood levels,though it is possible that some lines may be impacted by flooding as a result of a dam/levee failure.This could cause disruptions in service and some economic loss. Critical Utilities Power Lines — Like a flood, a dam/levee failure may cause localized power outages as floodwaters inundate critical power infrastructure and down power lines. Natural Gas — Natural gas distribution networks may be damaged from flooding and create additional hazards from damaged pipes or other gas infrastructure. Communication Systems and Networks Telephone Systems— As with the flooding hazard, dam/levee failures may damage telephone systems and cause disruption of service,especially in areas impacted by the floodwaters. Cell Phone Towers—Cellular telephone towers are generally built high enough to not be impacted by a dam/levee failure. Internet Capabilities — Internet connections could be impacted on a local scale if infrastructure is damaged. Economy Small/Local Employers—Flooding from a dam/levee failure could cause damage to local businesses and have significant financial impacts depending on the location and type of business. Large Employers—Large employers may also be impacted by a dam/levee failure if they are located in a high risk area. Environment The impacts on the environment from a dam/levee failure might be that ecosystems and habitats that existed while a dam was in place on a stream/river could be destroyed as floodwaters destabilize areas by inundating areas that had not previously been under water or causing higher flow rates downstream. 5.20 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT INCIDENT 5.20.1 Background A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility. Often, this type of incident results from damage to the reactor core of a nuclear power plant which can release radioactivity into the environment. The degree of exposure from nuclear accidents has varied historically from serious to catastrophic. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:107 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES By some estimates, over 50 percent of nuclear accidents that have ever occurred were in the United States.32 However, it is also important to note that generally, nuclear accidents are a rare occurrence. Many incidents are extremely well known due to their large-scale impact and serious effects on people and the environment, but incidents are generally not common One of the most notorious accidents in the United States was the Three Mile Island accident which occurred in 1979 and released small amounts of radioactive gases and iodine into the environment. Although no deaths have been directly attributed to the accident, it invoked a strong public reaction and demonstrated the potential dangers associated with nuclear power generation. Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant, which is the plant located closest to Augusta-Richmond County, is a 3,626 megawatt power plant that began commercial operation in 1987. It has pressurized water reactors and operates with a very high level of security. 5.20.2 Location and Spatial Extent The southeastern portion of the county is at highest risk to a nuclear incident. Areas in this part of the county are susceptible due to their relative proximity to the Vogtle Power Plant. The International Atomic Energy Association has developed a scale called the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) which provides a quantitative means of assessing the extent of a nuclear event. This scale, like the MMI used for earthquakes, is logarithmic which means that each increasing level on the scale represents an event 10 times more severe than the previous level(Figure 5.31). FIGURE 5.31: INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EVENT SCALE AMajor Accident 4E- • . Serious Accident C ;n Accident With Wider Consequences Accident With Local Consequences 4 Serious Incident Incident Anomaly Deviation 0 ' Source:International Atomic Energy Agency 32 Benjamin K.Sovacool.A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia Journal of Contemporary Asia,Vol.40,No.3,August 2010,pp.393-400. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:108 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear plants. Areas located within 10 miles of the station are considered to be within the zone of highest risk to a nuclear incident and this radius is the designated evacuation radius recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Within the 10-mile zone, the primary concern is exposure to and inhalation of radioactive contamination. Only a very small area of the county is located within the 10-mile radius of the power plant. The most concerning effects in the secondary 50-mile zone are related to ingestion of food and liquids that may have been contaminated. The remainder of the county is located within this 50-mile radius which is still considered to be at risk from a nuclear incident(Figure 5.32). FIGURE 5.32: NUCLEAR POWER PLANT INCIDENT HAZARD ZONES IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan community ['Il Vogtle Nuclear Plant meek County `` Augusta 0 5 1a 20.ilea 0 Lexington County Blythe ll♦10 Mile Nuclear Buffer - Fort Gordon 50 Mile Nuclear Buffer ,d -- ; Edgefield County Hephzibah r' - t Li Surrounding Counties "' ''''' if 1' 1 , Takaterto County Aiken County Columbia County ,,� McDuf6e County %wren County r c y BaCom � Hancock County J, ._ i Glaecock County - / f Jefferson County Burke • 2, ? Allendale County Washington Courcy , Screven County 5 Jenkins County Source:International Atomic Energy Agency 5.20.3 Historical Occurrences Although there have been no major nuclear events at the Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant, there is some possibility that one could occur as there have been incidents in the past in the United States at other facilities and at facilities around the world. Additionally, a list of minor events/notifications was acquired from reports collected by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).The NRC classifies events using the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:109 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES scale found in Table 5.42. A list of events at Vogtle Nuclear Plant can be found in Table 5.43. It is noteworthy that all of the events were minor in magnitude and many were insignificant enough that they did not register on the classification scale. TABLE 5.42: NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION EMERGENCY CLASSIFICATION SCALE FOR EVENTS OCCURRING AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Classification Description Events are in progress or have occurred which indicate a potential degradation of the level of safety of the plant or indicate a security threat to facility protection has been initiated.No releases of radioactive material requiring offsite response Notification of Unusual Event(NOUE) or monitoring are expected unless further degradation of safety systems occurs. [Note:This term is sometimes shortened to Unusual Event(UE).The terms Notification of Unusual Event,NOUE and Unusual Event are used interchangeably.] Events are in progress or have occurred which involve an actual or potential substantial degradation of the level of safety of the plant or a security event that Alert involves probable life threatening risk to site personnel or damage to site equipment because of HOSTILE ACTION.Any releases are expected to be limited to small fractions of the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)protective action guides(PAGs) Site Area Emergency(SAE)—Events are in progress or have occurred which involve actual or likely major failures of plant functions needed for protection of the public or hostile action that results in intentional damage or malicious acts;1) Site Area Emergency toward site personnel or equipment that could lead to the likely failure of or;2) that prevent effective access to,equipment needed for the protection of the public.Any releases are not expected to result in exposure levels which exceed EPA PAG exposure levels beyond the site boundary. Events are in progress or have occurred which involve actual or imminent substantial core degradation or melting with potential for loss of containment General Emergency integrity or hostile action that results in an actual loss of physical control of the facility.Releases can be reasonably expected to exceed EPA PAG exposure levels offsite for more than the immediate site area. Source:Nuclear Regulatory Commission TABLE 5.43: HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES OF NOTIFIABLE EVENTS AT VOGTLE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Date Retrieved From* Classification Plant Description Licensee Event Notification of REACTOR COOLANT PRESSURE 1/19/1989 Report Unusual Event Vogtle Unit 1 BOUNDARY LEAKAGE LEADS TO UNIT SHUTDOWN Licensee Event Notification of REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM 3/9/1989 Report Unusual Event Vogtle Unit 2 LEAKEAGE DURING CHECK VALVE TESTING 3/20/1990 Licensee Event Site Area Emergency Vogtle Unit 1 LOSS OF OFFSITE POWER LEADS Report TO SITE AREA EMERGENCY Licensee Event Notification of REACTOR SHUTDOWN DUE TO 5/14/1992 Report Unusual Event Vogtle Unit 1 EXCESSIVE UNIDENTIFIED LEAKAGE 4/18/1993 Licensee Event Notification of Vogtle Unit 1 SAFETY INJECTION INITIATED Report Unusual Event DURING SLAVE RELAY TESTING Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:110 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Date Retrieved From* Classification Plant Description Preliminary Unit 2 Shutdown to Investigate 8/8/2003 Notification Reports Not Applicable Vogtle Unit 2 and Repair Mechanical Seal Leak on Reactor Vessel Head: 5/24/2005 Preliminary Unit 2 Shutdown to Repair Not Applicable Vogtle Unit 2 Notification Reports Condenser Tube(s)Leak 12/12/2005 Preliminary Not Applicable Vogtle Unit 2 Unit 2 Shutdown to Repair RHR Notification Reports Pipe Leak 12/19/2005 Preliminary Not Applicable Vogtle Unit 2 Shutdown to Repair Residual Heat Notification Reports Removal Pipe Leak Preliminary Notification of Reactor Coolant System Leakage 3/9/2007 Notification Reports Unusual Event Vogtle Unit 2 in Excess of 10 Gallons Per Minute 4/25/2007 Preliminary Not Applicable Vogtle Unit 2 Automatic Reactor Trip/Plant Notification Reports Shutdown Greater than 72 Hours Source:Nuclear Regulatory Commission *Preliminary Notification Reports(http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/event-status/prelim-notice/):These are brief descriptions,generated by NRC regions when needed,of matters that are of significant safety or safeguards concern or have high public interest.PNs are used to promptly inform the Commissioners and others in NRC and Agreement States with new and current information. Licensee Event Reports(https://lersearch.inl.gov/Entry.aspx):Commercial nuclear reactor licensees are required to report certain event information per 10 CFR 50.73.Search was for-"Notification of Unusual Event""Alert""Site Area Emergency" "General Emergency" In addition,county officials were recently made aware of an event that caused a shutdown of the Vogtle Plant's Unit 1,as one of the components of the unit's steam line contained a failed o-ring component.33 This incident occurred on February 3,2017 and according to a company spokesman,the site technicians were able to keep the situation under control and prevent risk to the public. 5.20.4 Probability of Future Occurrence A nuclear event is a very rare occurrence in the United States due to the intense regulation of the industry. There have been incidents in the past, but it is considered unlikely (less than 1 percent annual probability). 5.20.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) The majority of the public in Augusta-Richmond County would be most impacted if they were to ingest impacted home grown crops, drink milk produced from livestock which have fed on contaminated grasses, or consume contaminated surface water. Ingestion of radiological materials may result in internal contamination if ionizing radiation is released in the body. This can cause serious health risks, especially if critical organs are affected.Some organs such as the thyroid take in certain isotopes and it is extremely difficult to purge the material from the body.The population of Augusta-Richmond located in the southeast corner of the county would potentially be impacted directly by radiation exposure which can cause both acute and chronic effects in the body. 33 Equipment Failure Shuts Down Vogtle Reactor.The Augusta Chronicle.February 6,2017.Retrieved on February 14,2017 from:http://chronicle.augustacom/news/2017-02-06/equipment-failure-shuts-down-vogtle-reactor# Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:111 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES The public will be extremely concerned about their health and safety during and after a nuclear incident. Confidence will be dependent upon the availability of information and perceived quality of response by government and nongovernment service providers. Responders First responders are vulnerable to the same impacts as the general public but also may be at greater risk due to their need to function outdoors, operating in contaminated environments.These responders will likely need to operate in personal protective equipment and limit their outdoor exposure. Proper decontamination is likely to be necessary to reduce the spread of contamination. Continuity of Operations In the wake of a nuclear accident, continuity of operations in Augusta-Richmond County would likely be maintained relatively well since the county is only impacted in most areas by the 50 mile buffer area. Generally operations could proceed from their normal location, with personnel and equipment remaining more or less unharmed. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential—In general, most residential buildings in the county would not be impacted by an incident. Though in a highly impactful event, it is possible that homes may become contaminated by a radiation release. Commercial — Some businesses within the IPZ, mainly agricultural or any of those related to food/beverage production, may be affected by an incident at the Vogtle facility. Industrial—Similar to residential buildings, most industrial buildings would not be impacted. Critical Facilities and Personnel Hospitals—Hospitals are likely to experience an increase in patients. Hospitals are likely to also require more advanced support in obtaining water and food for continuing operations. Prior to entry into the hospitals, decontamination processes for patients,visitors,vendors,and employees may be necessary. Emergency Services—Emergency services agencies and facilities may experience increased call volumes, though it is unlikely any would be exposed directly. Emergency Shelters — Emergency shelters may be opened for this event for those persons not having access to protective structures. Transportation Systems Interstates—Checkpoints and decontamination stations may be set up along routes that enter/leave the IPZ resulting in increased travel times. Airports—Similar to interstates,there may be some form of checkpoint set up to monitor contamination areas. Rail Lines — Similar to interstates, there may be some form of checkpoint set up to monitor contamination areas. Critical Utilities High Voltage Distribution Lines/Power Lines—There are no expected impacts to the distribution system itself, although it is possible some residents may lose power due to the loss of electricity generation from a plant incident. Natural Gas—There are no expected impacts. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:112 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Communication Systems and Networks Telephone Systems/Cell Towers/Internet Capabilities—There are no expected impacts. Economy Small/Local Employers — Economies within the IPZ and the area surrounding it are likely to see decreased discretionary spending. Travel and tourism may be limited for an extended period of time. Interstate commerce may be impacted as decontamination stations may need to be established and some drivers may elect to attempt to circumnavigate the affected area extending travel times and increasing the time to market for products. Large Employers — Large employers may see increased absenteeism and requests to work from home. Some employees may self-evacuate resulting in a loss of productivity. Financial Centers—In-person financial transactions are likely to be more limited, electronic transactions may increase due to the public electing not to go outside. Special Consideration Areas City Centers—Travel within the IPZ may be limited to prevent spread of contaminants. Buildings within the IPZ, may require decontamination stations for those that wish to enter the buildings. Large Event Arenas —Some events may be cancelled or rescheduled even if these arenas or zones are deemed safe. Historical and Cultural Landmarks—While no structural damage to the landmarks is likely,visitation and attendance may decrease temporarily within the IPZ,affecting some tourism and local commerce. Environment Contaminants may impact the land and water for many years. Wildlife may experience increased likelihood of cancer and other health problems. 5.21 TERRORISM 5.21.1 Background Terrorism is defined in the United States by the Code of Federal Regulations as: "the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives."34 Academic literature identifies some overarching political goals that terrorism seeks to achieve, including spreading anxiety and alarm among immediate victims, families, and the general public; eliminating opponents and destroying symbolic targets; and generating direct damage on society, such as affecting business confidence. In the following sections, some general background information about terrorism is presented prior to the county's hazard identification and risk assessment findings. There are two general types of terrorist groups: network and hierarchical. The type of organization a group adopts largely depends on how long the group has existed. More recently developed groups tend to organize or adapt to the possibilities of the network model. Older, more established groups lean toward the hierarchical structure and are often more associated with violence of a political nature.35 Terrorist acts can be committed by large,formally organized groups with terrorist cells in different parts 34 U.S.Code of Federal Regulations.23 C.F.R.Section 0.85 35 Terrorism Research. Terrorist groups.Retrieved December 27,2011,from http://www.terrorism-research.com/groups/ Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:113 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES of the world, or they can originate from smaller groups or individuals from a small city or domestic "homegrown" location. In the United States,terrorists that are"homegrown"do not belong to a defined group, may operate very effectively "under the radar," and may pose the biggest threat initially at the local level.36 5.21.2 Location and Spatial Extent A terror threat could potentially occur at any location in the county. However, the very definition of a terrorist event indicates that it is most likely to be targeted at a critical or symbolic resource/location/event. Ensuring and protecting the continuity of critical infrastructure and key resources (CIKR) of the United States is essential to the Nation's security, public health and safety, economic vitality, and way of life. CIKR includes physical and/or virtual systems or assets that, if damaged, would have a detrimental impact on national security, including large-scale human casualties, property destruction, economic disruption, and significant damage to morale and public confidence. Table 5.44 lists the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) identified main critical infrastructure sectors. TABLE 5.44: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS • Agriculture and Food • Government Facilities • Banking and Finance • Healthcare and Public Health • Chemical • Information Technology • Commercial Facilities • National Monuments and Icons • Communications ■ Nuclear Reactors,Materials,and • Critical Manufacturing Waste • Dams • Postal and Shipping • Defense Industrial Base • Transportation Systems • • Emergency Services Water • Energy Although all critical facilities (see Section 6: Vulnerability Assessment) are at a heightened level of risk in Augusta-Richmond County,there are several facilities and events in the county that have been identified as the likely primary targets. Augusta-Richmond County Emergency Management maintains a list of facilities and events at elevated risk of terror threat. 5.21.3 Historical Occurrences Although there have been no major terror events in Augusta-Richmond County,there is some possibility that one could occur in the future as there have been incidents in Georgia in the past and there are several facilities/events that could be potential targets. 36 Ibid. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:114 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.21.4 Probability of Future Occurrences Augusta-Richmond County has had no recorded terrorist events. Due to no recorded incidents against the county, the probability of future occurrences of a terrorist attack is possible (between 1 and 10 percent annual probability). 5.21.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) As seen after the attacks on September 11, 2001 in New York City and Washington, D.C., there can be significant impacts far away from the site of the incident. Fear and worry about additional attacks or for loved ones in areas affected are just a couple examples of impacts that could occur. Other impacts include discrimination or changed interactions between people of differing nationalities depending on the nature and intent of the attack(s)and who perpetrated the attack(s). During and after a terrorism event, the public will be expecting services to be provided despite the uncertainty of any existing hazards or further impacts.The partnership and involvement of the media is crucial not just for public guidance information, but also for keeping the public informed of the efforts underway or of any obstacles or concerns hindering response efforts. Effective planning and partnerships developed prior to the incident will provide for smoother operations, even during times of chaos like a major terrorism incident. Agencies and organizations working together in an efficient and effective way will provide for the best chance of positive public perception in these government and nongovernmental organizations. Responders The danger to human life in a terrorist event is dependent on the form of attack utilized, as well as its location, severity, and scope. In any terror incident, responders must conduct a scene size up to determine hazards to themselves and then others. Decisions must be made about how to handle victims and those in close proximity that may have been victimized or exposed. If hazardous materials are present, it could change the strategy completely. Fear and panic will be significant in the case of a terrorist act,whether it occurs in Augusta-Richmond County or elsewhere in the state or nation. Depending on the location, the scope, and the nature of the event(s), the impacts can vary greatly and could be felt nationwide, as seen with the September 11, 2001 attacks. Response efforts could last hours, days, or potentially longer. The length of time for recovery efforts could vary as well. Collaboration at all levels can provide for the most stable, effective, and efficient effort in returning to normal activities and operations. Identification of further threats and open communication lines can prevent further harm or detriment to response and recovery operations. Continuity of Operations A terrorist event would likely have a high impact on continuity of operations, especially due to the disorder that would result and the unpredictability of this kind of event. Emergency personnel may be directly affected or targeted,which would cause definitive harm to maintaining continuity of operations. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:115 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential—Single-family dwellings are not likely to be targets for terrorism. However, any areas that have specifically targeted populations could be vulnerable to an attack. These populations may relate to a person or group's ethnicity, religion,and socioeconomic status. Dwellings in close proximity to a target may experience indirect impacts as well. Depending on the method of attack, impacts could include stray bullets or debris from explosions. These could affect people, pets, electrical systems, or water systems,to name a few; other hazards to homes include structural collapse or fires. Lastly,the presence of chemical agents can create health hazards through dangerous reactions with water sources or building materials. Commercial—Commercial structures may be vulnerable to terrorist attacks, especially those that house companies of international or national significance. Industrial — Industrial sites are exposed to the same hazards as residential and commercial structures. However, depending on the type of industry it can have a different level of impact. Many industrial sites contain hazardous materials as well as dangerous machines or products that would pose a significant hazard to the public in a terrorism event. Hazardous Materials Facilities —Terrorism is a significant concern with any kind of hazardous material, whether the materials exist on the targeted site or if hazardous materials were introduced as the instrument of the attack. Hazardous materials and facilities require significant planning for evacuation, containment, and cleanup, and require significant resources for response operations to spills or other releases. Critical Facilities Hospitals—The primary concern with a terrorism event is the influx of patients requiring care. Terrorism may pose a specific hazard to a hospital structure itself, but it is more likely to be impacted when in close proximity to a target. Many patients could be injured or their medical condition worsened by the impacts of the terrorism event. Emergency Services — Emergency services buildings are not considered high probability targets for location terrorists to strike. In other countries, ambulance services and 9-1-1 centers have been targets; however,that pattern has not been seen here in the United States. Alternate locations should be set up so that emergency operations can continue if an emergency services facility was affected or targeted by a terrorism event. If one or more towers tied to the 9-1-1 center's communication systems were disrupted, it could have a detrimental impact to the center's communications to responders, leading to detrimental impacts on response operations as well. Emergency Shelters — Shelters may need to be activated in a terrorism event to house and care for displaced individuals.These shelters are unlikely to be the target of an attack. However, planning for the evacuation and migration of shelter occupants in any emergency situation can alleviate issues if a shelter is directly affected by a terrorist event. Transportation Systems Interstates — Bridges found throughout the interstate system can be targeted by terrorism. Not only would the actual structural failure affect those on, under, or near the bridge, but also the loss of its functionality would significantly hinder travel and commerce. Airports — Past experiences with terrorists using airplanes for terrorist activity suggest a need for planning and collaboration with all parties of interest including local, state, and federal agencies. Due to its proximity to the Augusta National Golf Club which is home the Masters and Augusta Regional Airport is a significant airport,offering easy access to the many events and amenities. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:116 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Rail Lines—The most likely means of disrupting rail lines would be the derailing of a train, primarily by sabotage of the rail or the switching control system. Using explosives would be the simplest means because hacking into systems to cause collisions and other undesired actions to moving rail cars would be more complex operations. In addition to disrupting rail traffic, a derailing can impact other means of travel such as a nearby road or airport. The rail cars involved in an incident could contain hazardous materials, valuable goods, or passengers. Any of these would have some form of significant impact, including monetary and social costs, as well as injury, illness, or death. The response and cleanup could be lengthy as well,tying up resources and adding more costs to the overall incident. Critical Utilities High Voltage Distribution Lines/Power Lines — Damage to high voltage distribution lines could disrupt power distribution for a large area, affecting emergency response and other facets of government and business.The economic impacts may also be significant as extended outages can be especially costly and inconvenient. While there is a low likelihood of power lines being directly targeted by terrorism, they are vulnerable to being affected indirectly from other targeted buildings or objects. Power lines are prominent in most parts of Augusta-Richmond County. Natural Gas — Natural gas lines are a concern as a target for terrorists, but natural gas itself must be exposed to oxygen before it could cause an explosion. Most natural gas explosions are small and rarely deadly. The real concern is in shutting off natural gas to end consumers. Sabotage of a pipeline could disconnect a significant number of homes and businesses for considerable periods of time. Communication Systems and Networks Telephone Systems—Due to their location (generally along power distribution lines)these networks face the same hazards as power lines themselves. Targeting of phone lines would temporarily disrupt communications and slow the notification of the terrorist event and its impacts, making it a desirable option for coordinated or multifaceted attacks. These lines can be shut down or damaged with relative ease.The lines themselves can be cut, ripped down,or destroyed.Any disruption in service can be costly to the affected. Cell Phone Towers—Like telephone systems above, cell phone towers would be an effective target for disrupting communications. In order to significantly impact cell phone communications, numerous towers would need to be targeted as cell phones will simply pick up the next closest tower in the event of one being affected. Internet Capabilities—Cyberterrorism is a major concern as society continues to depend on the internet more and more as discussed in the cyberterrorism section of this plan. Economy Small/Local Employers —The economic impact of a terrorist attack can vary from minimal to severe. If the incident occurs in Augusta-Richmond County, it could hinder the local economy but may not have an impact at the national level. Tourism and some commerce could decline significantly if people, events, or businesses are hesitant to come to the area following an incident. An incident in a major city or a financial hub could affect the entire country. The events of September 11, 2001 had an immediate impact on the local and national economies. However,this event and other large scale attacks like it could drastically alter economies for generations. Large Employers —There are several large businesses that are at risk for terrorism, mainly because of their international profiles. Any of the universities located within Augusta-Richmond County could be targeted and cause significant impacts,especially if shut down for a period of time. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:117 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Financial Centers — Damage to these facilities could have long-lasting impacts on the community. The loss of equipment and systems within these structures could have detrimental impacts on financial transactions. Special Consideration Areas City Centers—Terrorism would most likely occur in city centers during large public gatherings or during business hours to cause the most harm and promote the most fear. Political gatherings would be high priority targets as well. Large Event Arenas — Arenas can be targeted by terrorism, particularly during events that may have some form of political,cultural, or historical value, or simply any event with a large number of people in attendance. Historical and Cultural Landmarks — Like the other special consideration areas described above, a politically significant event or other large gathering could make a landmark more attractive to terrorists, however, there is a low likelihood of Augusta-Richmond County's landmarks being targeted by acts of terrorism. Environment Impacts on the environment depend on the type of attack utilized by terrorists.A biological,chemical,or other hazardous material can have impacts on human, animal, and plant populations alike. The impacts can vary depending on the particular hazard(s)at play. 5.22 UTILITY FAILURE 5.22.1 Background There are a number of different types of utility failure that can cause an interruption to the daily lives of citizens and normal government operations. Among these are failures of water systems and electricity/power systems. A long-term outage of either of these systems would present significant challenges, though each would have different impacts on the public and may be the result of different precipitating events. Utility failure is defined in this plan by an interference with the availability of a power supply and/or water supply resulting in a loss of these services. Power Supply Failure A failure in the power distribution network can happen for varying reasons. Some possible examples include the physical failure of power lines due to hazards as discussed in the Critical Utilities sections throughout this document, as well as problems within the network itself including faults at a power station,shorts or overloading in a circuit(s),or physical damages at a substation. There are three different types of power outages - transient faults, brownouts, and blackouts. A transient fault is a brief outage caused by a fault in a power line.The issue is corrected when the power flow clears the faulty part of the circuit, and power is returned.A brownout occurs when voltage falls to an inadequate level. A blackout occurs when there is a complete loss in the power supply. Blackouts are generally longer lasting outages than the previous two examples and may involve significant repairs. These outages can range from minutes to weeks or more depending on the significance of the failure in the network. Water System Failure Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:118 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES A water failure may also happen for a number of reasons. In some cases it may be caused by flooding of water system infrastructure or may be caused by the contamination of water supplies by hazardous materials spills or farming byproducts. While most of the Earth's surface is covered by water (70%), a mere 3% of that water is freshwater. More than 68% of this freshwater is found in glaciers and ice caps, while only .3% is found in rivers, lakes, etc. Fresh, potable water is in very limited supply, estimated to be only .08% of the Earth's water.37 In the case of a water shortage or failure, rationing or elimination of nonessential activities or events could become viable options to limit unnecessary consumption of water during times of concern. 5.22.2 Location and Spatial Extent Due to the unpredictable nature of where exactly a power or water utility outage will occur, the entire county is considered to be equally susceptible to this hazard. However it should be noted that in more urbanized areas, the effects of an outage at a single location or facility would likely impact larger numbers of people. 5.22.3 Historical Occurrences Most of the lengthy power outages that have occurred in Augusta-Richmond County have been due to severe wind events or winter storms with ice accumulation.The area frequently experiences this type of weather throughout the year. Winter snow or ice accumulation can make travel dangerous and also cause branches, trees, and power lines to break or fall, causing power disruptions or outages in the affected area. Power outages can vary depending on the amount of precipitation, wind speed, its location on the grid, and its cause. Many of the events described under natural hazards were the cause of utility failure events. As mentioned, winter storms, thunderstorms, and hurricanes all frequently cause power or water supply failures. Therefore, in general, the history of utility failure events in the county is directly connected to these other hazards. Still, these outages do not occur only during weather-related events. For example, in 2003, the Northeast Blackout showed how vulnerable large networks are to widespread outage. An estimated 55 million people were without power after a critical failure in the system, as many power plants in Ontario, Canada and the Northeast went offline. A single cause could not be attributed to this incident, but several issues led to a cascading failure. Overload protection was unable to keep a small problem in the system from affecting other parts of the system, which led to the power outage affecting a larger area. 5.22.4 Probability of Future Occurrence Based on the number of outages that have occurred in past years, the probability of a power or water utility failure is considered possible (between 1 and 10 percent annual probability). 37 United States Geological Survey,Earth's Water Distribution,http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:119 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.22.5 Consequence Analysis People(The Public and Public Confidence) Some issues that need to be considered during a power outage include transportation tie-ups and accidents, medical emergencies, and communications disruptions. The transportation problems would likely be related to traffic lights and signals not working or from decreased visibility during the night. Medical emergencies could stem from homes not having power to operate heating and air conditioning systems, particularly during conditions of extreme temperatures. Also medical equipment that relies on power could shut off, no longer providing a patient with treatment he or she requires. Medical emergencies would also be exacerbated if there was a water utility failure. The communications issues could prevent the public from being able to call emergency services. Business disruptions could also impact services that the public wants or needs. Lastly, well pumps would not function without power unless on backup generator power. Public perception during any incident involving public utility systems depends on the impacts that are presented and how government and nongovernmental entities act. Extended,widespread outages could have the potential for pressure from the public. The media's reporting of the incident and the response could significantly influence public expectations and perception. Passing information to the public about ongoing efforts and when service restoration can be expected could assist in maximizing the confidence and satisfaction of the public. Responders As mentioned in the General Public section, there may be issues relating to transportation, medical equipment, extreme weather temperatures, and communications issues in the event of a power/water utility outage. Any of these issues could impact the call volume for emergency responders. If communications disruptions are present, it could affect notification processes and increase response times. Until power is restored, some critical facilities may need generators to provide backup power. Lack of water availability will also pose a challenge for response officials who often need consistent sources of freshwater to perform their duties. Law enforcement may become strained if additional personnel are needed to deal with unusual circumstances such as unrest, looting, or traffic control if signals are not operating appropriately. Continuity of Operations Generally, continuity of operations can be maintained during a power or water utility outage event in Augusta-Richmond County. However,when power transmission lines go down, it can make it difficult for emergency management employees to arrive to work. Also alternative sources of water will need to be relied upon.As a result,there will likely be some disruption of operations during an outage. Built Environment(Property, Facilities, and Infrastructure) Building Stock Residential — Many residential structures do not have backup generators in place. If power fails, the residents of these homes may not be able to refrigerate their food, regulate medical equipment properly (such as oxygen), etc. until power is restored. Residents who are not on well water may be forced to find alternative sources of water to use for drinking, cooking,cleaning, etc. Commercial — Unless businesses are prepared and have generators or water backups, many business processes may be hindered or stopped. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:120 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Industrial — Unless businesses are prepared and have generators or water backups, many business processes may be hindered or stopped. Hazardous Materials — In the event of power or water outage, hazardous materials facilities typically have backup systems to continue critical operations and to maintain the hazardous materials on site. However, uncontrolled processes and spills are more likely to occur if backup systems do not operate correctly during these outages. There could be tremendous economic impact to businesses or the community as a whole with extended outages; many of these facilities require a significant amount of energy to operate at normal capacity. Critical Facilities and Personnel Hospitals — Hospitals are required to have generators and sources of water backup that provide these resources during outages. Additionally, other facilities can often take in patients if needed when a particular facility is unable to provide care due to a power or water outage. Emergency Services—Like hospitals, many emergency services facilities are equipped with generators to keep power supplied for continued operations during a power outage. Some of these facilities also have backup sources of water, though these are not typically for the long-term. Mutual aid agreements are put in place to handle situations where there is not an adequate supply of operational resources. Emergency Shelters — Emergency shelters may be activated if power or water outages are widespread and prolonged. Some shelters may be located in affected areas and alternative locations may need to be considered. Transportation Systems Interstates—Power/water outages are unlikely to impact interstates significantly. Airports — Airport facilities are required to have backup power to keep key operations going during power outages. Other airports have experienced grounded flights and suspended operations as a result of a power outage until power was able to be restored. Extended outages may cause more significant impacts on flight patterns.Water outages would likely not have a major impact on airports. Rail Lines—Rail lines can be impacted by power outages if backup power sources fail. Signals at railroad crossings may not work appropriately and in more severe cases, networks may be stopped until power is restored to prevent incidents.Water supply issues will likely not have major impacts on rail lines. Critical Utilities High Voltage Distribution Lines/Power Lines—High Voltage Distribution and Power lines are directly tied to power outages. Natural Gas—The distribution of natural gas may be affected by power outages; however, the delivery of natural gas to customers is not usually dependent on external power sources. Communication Systems and Networks Telephone Systems — Telephone systems may or may not be impacted by energy/power outage. Typically, weather hazards could cause many of the outages to power, which could affect landline phones at the same time.Water outages will not impact these systems. Cell Phone Towers —Cellular telephone towers generally have backup power to function during power outages. However,depending on the presence of other hazards or lengthy outages,cell phone reception may be impacted.Water outages will not impact these systems. Internet Capabilities — Internet connections that originate from or are linked to energy sources in affected areas will likely see effects from a power outage.Water outages will not impact these systems. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:121 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Economy Small/Local Employers — Extended outages could shut down businesses and have significant financial impacts depending on the area of the outage, the period of time the outage occurs, and the nature of the businesses that are affected. Large Employers—The impact that an outage would have on large employers depends on if the outage occurred during business hours. The impacts are also dependent on how long the outage lasts and if backup power/water systems are in place. Backup systems may not cover all of the business's operations,only the critical functions,so there may still be some impact even with a backup system. Financial Centers — The impact that an outage would have on the financial centers depend on if the outage occurs during business hours. The impacts are also dependent on how long the outage lasts, though in general financial centers will not be impacted long-term. Special Consideration Areas City Centers — Power/water outages would likely tend to prevent people from visiting city centers, though there would likely not be any major long-term impacts. Large Event Arenas—Power/water outages could have a significant impact on these kinds of facilities if an event is taking place. Historical and Cultural and Landmarks —Power/water outages may impact the operation of landmarks since many of these facilities rely on electricity and water. Extended outages could provoke closings. Environment There are no expected impacts. Conclusions 5.23 CONCLUSIONS ON HAZARD RISK The hazard profiles presented in this section were developed using best available data and result in what may be considered principally a qualitative assessment as recommended by FEMA in its "How-to" guidance document titled Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses (FEMA Publication 386-2). It relies heavily on historical and anecdotal data,stakeholder input, and professional, experienced judgment regarding observed and/or anticipated hazard impacts. It also carefully considers the findings in other relevant plans,studies,and technical reports. 5.23.1 Hazard Extent Table 5.45 describes the extent of each natural hazard identified for Augusta-Richmond County. The extent of a hazard is defined as its severity or magnitude,as it relates to the planning area. TABLE 5.45:EXTENT OF AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY HAZARDS Natural Hazards Drought extent is defined by U.S.Drought Monitor classifications which include Abnormal, Moderate,Severe,Extreme,and Exceptional Drought Drought classifications.According to these classifications,the most severe drought condition is Exceptional.Augusta-Richmond County has received this ranking 4 times over the 17-year reporting period. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:122 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Earthquake extent can be measured by the Richter Scale and the Modified Mercalli Intensity(MMI)scale(both identified above)and the distance of the epicenter from Augusta-Richmond County.According to data provided by the Earthquake National Geophysical Data Center,the greatest MMI to be recorded for the county was VIII(severe)with a correlating Richter Scale measurement of approximately 6.1-6.9(last reported on September 1,1886).The epicenter of this earthquake was located 193.0 km away. The extent of extreme heat can be defined by the maximum temperature Extreme Heat reached.The highest temperature recorded in Augusta-Richmond County was 110.4 degrees Fahrenheit(reported in 2012). Flood extent can be measured by the amount of land and property in the floodplain as well as flood height and velocity.The amount of land in the floodplain accounts for 19.7 percent of the total land area in Augusta- Richmond County. Flood depth and velocity are recorded via United States Geological Survey stream gages throughout the county.While a gage does not exist for each participating jurisdiction,there is one at or near many areas.The greatest peak discharge recorded for the county was reported on October 2, 1929. Water reached a discharge of 350,000 cubic feet per second.The greatest gage height in the county was recorded on July 13,2013 at 117.62 feet. Additional peak discharge readings and gage heights are in the table below. Location/Jurisdiction Date Peak Gage Discharge Height(ft) (cfs) Richmond County Augusta USGS 02196605 RAES CREEK TRIB#1 AT BOY Oct. 12, 3,690 10.78 Flooding SCOUT RD AT AUGUSTA, 1990 GA • USGS 02196725 OATES Nov.30, CREEK AT WHITE ROAD,AT 1982 219 5.88 AUGUSTA,GA USGS 02196730 OATES CR Sep.13, AT OLD SAVANNAH ROAD, 1983 339 7.57 AT AUGUSTA,GA USGS 02196760 ROCKY Oct. 12, CREEK TRIB AT US 78&278 1990 1,110 9.60 AT AUGUSTA,GA USGS 02196850 BUTLER CR May 10, TRIB AT MEADOWBROOK 1979 178 13.80 DR,AT AUGUSTA,GA USGS 02197020 SPIRIT Jul. 19, 8.27(Aug. CREEK AT US 1, NEAR 2005 4,070 18,2013) AUGUSTA,GA USGS 02197000 Oct.02, 117.62(Jul. SAVANNAH RIVER AT1929 350,000 13,2013) AUGUSTA,GA Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:123 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES USGS 02197190 MCBEAN CREEK AT US 25, NEAR Oct. 12, 3,160 7.52 MCBEAN,GA 1990 USGS 02197200 MCBEAN CREEK AT GA 56,AT Sep'29, 9,300 11.50 MCBEAN,GA 1929 Blythe N/A Fort Gordon USGS 02196820 BUTLER CREEK AT US 78,AT FORT Oct. 12, 4,700 13.30 GORDON,GA 1990 USGS 02196835 BUTLER CREEK BELOW 7TH May 31, 6.00(Feb. AVENUE,AT FT.GORDON, 2002 510 08,2013) GA USGS 021970161 SPIRIT CK .35 mi DS OF McCOYS CRK Apr'28, 118 5.24(Aug. AT FT GORDON,GA 2011 11,2012) Hephzibah. N/A Hail extent can be defined by the size of the hail stone.The largest hail stone Hail reported in Augusta-Richmond County was 1.75 inches(reported most recently on September 17,2014).It should be noted that future events may exceed this. Hurricane extent is defined by the Saffir-Simpson Scale which classifies Hurricane and Tropical hurricanes into Category 1 through Category 5(see table above).The greatest Storm classification of hurricane to traverse within 75 miles of Augusta-Richmond County was Hurricane Gracie in 1959 which reached a maximum wind speed of 96.54 knots within the 75 mile buffer area. An infectious disease threat could have large—scale effects throughout the county and may cause illness in many people.Possible impacts from a disease Infectious Disease threat depend largely on the impacted population,but might include anything from absenteeism and loss of productivity in the workplace to death or serious illness to humans or livestock.A serious disease threat could affect many thousands of people. According to the Vaisala flash density map(see figure above),Augusta- Lightning Richmond County is located in an area that experiences 2 to 8 lightning flashes per square kilometer per year. It should be noted that future lightning occurrences may exceed these figures. The extent of winter storms can be measured by the amount of snowfall or ice received(in inches).The greatest 24-hour snowfall reported in the county Severe Winter Storm was 8.0 inches in 1973.Due to unpredictable variations in snowfall throughout the county,extent totals will vary for each participating jurisdiction and reliable data on snowfall totals is not abundantly available. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:124 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Although there is not an extensive history of solar flares occurring and specifically impacting Augusta-Richmond County,reports from historic events outside of the county are useful and can indicate roughly the extent that Solar Flare/EMP might be anticipated. Based on these historic events,it is possible that the county could be impacted by an"X"class solar flare that would rate as an R5 on the radio blackout scale and would disrupt radio contact,communications equipment,and power supply for several hours. Tornado hazard extent is measured by tornado occurrences in the US provided by FEMA as well as the Fujita/Enhanced Fujita Scale(see tables Tornado above).The greatest magnitude reported in Augusta-Richmond County was an EF3(reported on April 10,2009). It should be noted that an EF5 tornado is possible. Wildfire data was provided by the Georgia Forestry Commission and is reported annually by county from 2007-2016. Analyzing the data indicates the following wildfire hazard extent for the county. Wildfire • The greatest number of fires to occur in any year was 51 in 2011. • The greatest number of acres to burn in a single year occurred in 2008 when 328 acres were burned. Although this data lists the extent that has occurred,larger and more frequent wildfires are possible throughout the county. Thunderstorm extent is defined by the number of thunder events and wind speeds reported.The strongest recorded wind event in Augusta-Richmond Windstorm/Thunderstorm County was reported on March 16,1972 and March 7,1996 at 75 knots (approximately 86 mph).It should be noted that future events may exceed these historical occurrences. Technological/Man-Made Hazards According to USDOT PHMSA,the largest hazardous materials incident Chemical Hazard reported in the county was 100,000 SLB released as a railway incident on September 6, 1996.It should be noted that larger events are possible. While there is seldom physical damage inflicted from a cyberterrorism event, the effects of such an event are often damaging in other ways.For example, Cyberterrorism theft,denial of service attacks,and dissemination of misinformation can all result from a cyberterror event.Moreover,these events are often aimed at shutting down IT systems which can result in loss of productivity and damage to IT infrastructure. Dam failure extent is defined using the State of Georgia Safe Dams Program Dam/Levee Failure criteria.Of the 27 dams in Augusta-Richmond County,6 are classified as high hazard. Although there is no history of a nuclear accident at the Vogtle Power Plant, Nuclear Power Plant other events across the globe and in the United States in particular indicate that an event is possible.Since several national and international events were Emergency Level 7 events on the INES,the potential for a Level 7 event at Vogtle is possible. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:125 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES There is no history of major terrorist events in Augusta-Richmond County; Terrorism however,it is possible that one of these events could occur. If this were to take place,the magnitude of the event could range on the scale of critical damage with many fatalities and injuries to the population. There are many impacts that would occur as a result of a utility failure. Among other impacts,traffic lights could be down,residents might lose heat Utility Failure or air conditioning,medical equipment may be non-operational,and well pumps could be shut down limiting access to clean water.These failures could potentially be widespread, leaving tens of thousands of homes and businesses without power or water utilities. 5.23.2 Priority Risk Index In order to draw some meaningful planning conclusions on hazard risk for Augusta-Richmond County, the results of the hazard profiling process were used to generate countywide hazard classifications according to a "Priority Risk Index" (PRI). The purpose of the PRI is to categorize and prioritize all potential hazards for Augusta-Richmond County as high, moderate,or low risk. Combined with the asset inventory and quantitative vulnerability assessment provided in the next section, the summary hazard classifications generated through the use of the PRI allows for the prioritization of those high hazard risks for mitigation planning purposes, and more specifically, the identification of hazard mitigation opportunities for the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County to consider as part of their proposed mitigation strategy. The prioritization and categorization of identified hazards for Augusta-Richmond County is based principally on the PRI, a tool used to measure the degree of risk for identified hazards in a particular planning area. The PRI is used to assist the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team in gaining consensus on the determination of those hazards that pose the most significant threat to the county based on a variety of factors.The PRI is not scientifically based, but is rather meant to be utilized as an objective planning tool for classifying and prioritizing hazard risks in Augusta-Richmond County based on standardized criteria. The application of the PRI results in numerical values that allow identified hazards to be ranked against one another(the higher the PRI value,the greater the hazard risk). PRI values are obtained by assigning varying degrees of risk to five categories for each hazard (probability, impact, spatial extent, warning time, and duration). Each degree of risk has been assigned a value (1 to 4) and an agreed upon weighting factor,38 as summarized in Table 5.46. To calculate the PRI value for a given hazard, the assigned risk value for each category is multiplied by the weighting factor.The sum of all five categories equals the final PRI value,as demonstrated in the example equation below: PRI VALUE= [(PROBABILITY x.30)+(IMPACT x.30)+(SPATIAL EXTENT x.20)+(WARNING TIME x.10)+ (DURATION x.10)] According to the weighting scheme and point system applied, the highest possible value for any hazard is 4.0. When the scheme is applied for Augusta-Richmond County,the highest PRI value is 3.3 (flooding). 38 The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team,based upon any unique concerns or factors for the planning area,may adjust the PRI weighting scheme during future plan updates. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:126 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES Prior to being finalized, PRI values for each identified hazard were reviewed and evaluated by the members of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team. TABLE 5.46: PRIORITY RISK INDEX FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Degree of Risk Assigned PRI Category Weighting Level Criteria Index Value Factor Unlikely Less than 1%annual probability 1 Possible Between 1 and 10%annual probability 2 Probability 30% Likely Between 10 and 100%annual probability 3 Highly Likely 100%annual probability 4 Very few injuries,if any.Only minor property damage and minimal disruption 1 Minor on quality of life.Temporary shutdown of critical facilities. Minor injuries only.More than 10%of property in affected area damaged or 2 Limited destroyed.Complete shutdown of critical facilities for more than one day. Impact Multiple deaths/injuries possible. More 30% than 25%of property in affected area Critical damaged or destroyed.Complete 3 shutdown of critical facilities for more than one week. High number of deaths/injuries possible. More than 50%of property in affected Catastrophic area damaged or destroyed.Complete 4 shutdown of critical facilities for 30 days or more. Negligible Less than 1%of area affected 1 Small Between 1 and 10%of area affected 2 Spatial Extent 20% Moderate Between 10 and 50%of area affected 3 Large Between 50 and 100%of area affected 4 More than 24 hours Self explanatory 1 Warning 12 to 24 hours Self explanatory 2 0 10/ Time 6 to 12 hours Self explanatory 3 Less than 6 hours Self explanatory 4 Less than 6 hours Self explanatory 1 Less than 24 hours Self explanatory 2 Duration 10% Less than one week Self explanatory 3 More than one week Self explanatory 4 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:127 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES 5.23.3 Priority Risk Index Results Table 5.47 summarizes the degree of risk assigned to each category for all initially identified hazards based on the application of the PRI. Assigned risk levels were based on the detailed hazard profiles developed for this section, as well as input from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team. The results were then used in calculating PRI values and making final determinations for the risk assessment. TABLE 5.47:SUMMARY OF PRI RESULTS FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Category/Degree of Risk Hazard PRI Probability Impact Spatial Extent Warning Time Duration Score Natural Hazards Drought Highly Likely Limited Large More than 24 hours More than 1 week 3.1 Earthquake Possible Limited Moderate Less than 6 hours Less than 6 hours 2.3 Extreme Heat Highly Likely Limited Large More than 24 hours Less than 1 week 3.0 Flooding Highly Likely Critical Moderate 6 to 12 hours Less than 1 week 3.3 Hail Highly Likely Limited Small Less than 6 hours Less than 6 hours 2.7 Hurricane/Tropical Storm Likely Critical Moderate More than 24 hours Less than 1 week 2.8 Infectious Disease Possible Critical Large Less than 24 hours More than 1 week 2.7 Lightning Highly Likely Limited Small Less than 6 hours Less than 6 hours 2.7 Severe Winter Storm Likely Limited Large More than 24 hours Less than 24 hours 2.6 Solar Flare/EMP Likely Minor Large More than 24 hours Less than 24 hours 2.3 Tornado Likely Critical Moderate Less than 6 hours Less than 6 hours 2.9 Wildfire Highly Likely Limited Moderate Less than 6 hours Less than 6 hours 2.9 Windstorm/Thunderstorm Likely Limited Small Less than 6 hours Less than 1 week 2.6 Technological/Man-Made Hazards Chemical Hazard Highly Likely Critical Small Less than 6 hours Less than 24 hours 3.1 Cyberterrorism Possible Critical Small Less than 6 hours Less than 24 hours 2.5 Dam/Levee Failure Unlikely Critical Small Less than 6 hours Less than 24 hours 2.2 Nuclear Power Plant Incident Unlikely Critical Moderate 6 to 12 hours Less than 1 week 2.4 Terrorism Possible Critical Small Less than 6 hours Less than 24 hours 2.5 Utility Failure Possible Limited Moderate More than 24 hours Less than 1 week 2.2 5.24 FINAL DETERMINATIONS The conclusions drawn from the hazard profiling process for Augusta-Richmond County, including the PRI results and input from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team, resulted in the classification of risk for each identified hazard according to three categories: High Risk, Moderate Risk, and Low Risk (Table 5.48). For purposes of these classifications, risk is expressed in relative terms according to the estimated impact that a hazard will have on human life and property throughout all of Augusta-Richmond County. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:128 February 2017 SECTION 5:HAZARD PROFILES A more quantitative analysis to estimate potential dollar losses for each hazard has been performed separately, and is described in Section 6: Vulnerability Assessment. It should be noted that although some hazards are classified below as posing low risk, their occurrence of varying or unprecedented magnitudes is still possible in some cases and their assigned classification will continue to be evaluated during future plan updates. TABLE 5.48:CONCLUSIONS ON HAZARD RISK FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Flooding Chemical Hazard Drought Extreme Heat Tornado Windstorm/Thunderstorm Hurricane/Tropical Storm Hail Lightning Infectious Disease Severe Winter Storm Wildfire Cyberterrorism Terrorism Nuclear Power Plant Incident Solar Flare/EMP LOW RISK Earthquake Utility Failure Dam/Levee Failure Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 5:129 February 2017 6 SECTION VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT This section identifies and quantifies the vulnerability of the communities within Augusta-Richmond County to the significant hazards identified in the previous sections (Hazard Identification and Profiles). It consists of the following subsections: ❖ 6.1 Overview ❖ 6.2 Methodology ❖ 6.3 Explanation of Data Sources ❖ 6.4 Asset Inventory ❖ 6.5 Vulnerability Assessment Results ❖ 6.6 Conclusions on Hazard Vulnerability 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(2)(ii):The risk assessment shall include a description of the jurisdiction's vulnerability to the hazards described in paragraph(c)(2)(i)of this section.The description shall include an overall summary of each hazard and its impact on the community.The plan should describe vulnerability in terms of:(A)The types and numbers of existing and future buildings,infrastructure,and critical facilities located in the identified hazard areas;(B)An estimate of the potential losses to vulnerable structures identified in paragraph(c)(2)(ii)(A)of this section and a description of the methodology used to prepare the estimate;(C)Providing a general description of land uses and development trends within the community so that mitigation options can be considered in future land use decisions. 6.1 OVERVIEW This section builds upon the information provided in Section 4: Hazard Identification and Section 5: Hazard Profiles by identifying and characterizing an inventory of assets in Augusta-Richmond County. In addition, the potential impact and expected amount of damages caused to these assets by each identified hazard event is assessed. The primary objective of the vulnerability assessment is to quantify exposure and the potential loss estimates for each hazard. In doing so, Augusta-Richmond County and participating communities may better understand their unique risks to identified hazards and be better prepared to evaluate and prioritize specific hazard mitigation actions. This section begins with an explanation of the methodology applied to complete the vulnerability assessment, followed by a summary description of the asset inventory as compiled for communities involved in this planning process. The remainder of this section focuses on the results of the assessment conducted. 6.2 METHODOLOGY This vulnerability assessment was conducted using three distinct methodologies: (1) A stochastic risk assessment; (2) a geographic information system (GIS)-based analysis; and (3) a risk modeling software Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:1 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT analysis. Each approach provides estimates for the potential impact of hazards by using a common, systematic framework for evaluation, including historical occurrence information provided in the Hazard Identification and Hazard Profiles sections. A brief description of the three different approaches is provided on the following pages. 6.2.1 Stochastic Risk Assessment The stochastic risk assessment methodology was applied to analyze hazards of concern that were outside the scope of hazard risk models and the GIS-based risk assessment. This involves the consideration of annualized loss estimates and impacts of current and future buildings and populations. Annualized loss is the estimated long-term weighted average value of losses to property in any single year in a specified geographic area (i.e., municipal jurisdiction or county). This methodology is applied primarily to hazards that do not have geographically-definable boundaries and are therefore excluded from spatial analysis through GIS.A stochastic risk methodology was used for the following hazards: ••• Cyberterrorism ••• Drought ❖ Extreme Heat ❖ Dam/Levee Failure ❖ Hail ❖ Infectious Disease ❖ Lightning •'• Severe Winter Storm ❖ Solar Flare/EMP ❖ Tornado ••• Terrorism ❖ Windstorm/Thunderstorm ❖ Utility Failure All of the natural hazards listed above are considered atmospheric and have the potential to affect all current and future buildings and all populations. Likewise, because technological/man-made hazards are often unpredictable and do not have a defined area in which they are more likely to occur, all current and future buildings and populations are considered at risk. Table 6.1 provides information about all improved property in Augusta-Richmond County that is vulnerable to these hazards. Annualized loss estimates were determined using the best available data on historical losses from sources including NOAA's National Climatic Data Center records, county and municipal hazard mitigation plans, and local knowledge. Annualized loss estimates were generated by totaling the amount of property damage over the period of time for which records were available, and calculating the average annual loss. Given the standard weighting analysis, losses can be readily compared across hazards providing an objective approach for evaluating mitigation alternatives. For a number of the technological/man-made hazards, no data with historical property damages was available.Therefore a detailed vulnerability assessment could not be completed for these hazards at this time. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:2 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT The results for these hazards are found at the end of this section in Table 6.16. 6.2.2 GIS-Based Analysis Other hazards have specified geographic boundaries that permit additional analysis using Geographic Information Systems(GIS).These hazards include: • Chemical Hazard ❖ Flooding ❖ Nuclear Power Plant Incident ❖ Wildfire The objective of the GIS-based analysis was to determine the estimated vulnerability of structures, critical facilities, and populations for the identified hazards in Augusta-Richmond County using best available geospatial data. Digital data was collected from local, regional, state, and national sources for hazards and buildings. This included local tax assessor records for individual parcels and buildings and geo-referenced point locations for identified assets (critical facilities and infrastructure, special populations, etc.) when available. ESRI®ArcGISTM' 10.3 was used to assess hazard vulnerability utilizing digital hazard data, as well as local building data. Using these data layers, hazard vulnerability can be quantified by estimating the assessed building value for parcels and/or buildings determined to be located in identified hazard areas. The results of the analysis provided an estimate of the number of parcels, buildings, and critical facilities, as well as the estimated value of those buildings determined to be potentially at risk to the hazards with delineable geographic hazard boundaries. 6.2.3 Risk Modeling Software Analysis 1 ' A risk modeling software was used for the following '' 3 hazards: � .: ❖ Earthquake FEMA's Software Program for Estimating Potential Losses ❖ Hurricane/Tropical Storm • from Disasters`' There are several models that exist to model hazards. 1.yr E Hazus-MH was used in this vulnerability assessment to FEMA address the aforementioned hazards. Hazus-MH Hazus-MH ("Hazus") is a standardized loss estimation software program developed by FEMA. It is built upon an integrated GIS platform to conduct analysis at a regional level (i.e., not on a structure-by- structure basis). The Hazus risk assessment methodology is parametric, in that distinct hazard and inventory parameters (e.g., wind speed and building types) can be modeled using the software to determine the impact(i.e.,damages and losses)on the built environment. The Augusta-Richmond County Risk Assessment utilized Hazus-MH to produce hazard damage loss estimations for hazards for the planning area. At the time this analysis was completed, Hazus-MH 3.2 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:3 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT was used to estimate potential damages from hurricane winds earthquake hazards using Hazus-MH methodology. Although the program can also model losses for flood, it was not used in this Risk Assessment. Figure 6.1 illustrates the conceptual model of the Hazus-MH methodology. FIGURE 6.1: CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HAZUS-MH METHODOLOGY DIRECT LOSS ► Economic BUSINESS INTERRUPTION SHELTER 414 -4 a Social CASUALTIES Hazard ESSENTIAL IMPACT FACILmES Damage -44,4"Z, ) EMERGENCY Functionality RESPONSE .. .{TRANSPORTATION UTILITIES WATER System POWER Performance TRANSPORTATION ► Hazus-MH is capable of providing a variety of loss estimation results. In order to be consistent with other hazard assessments, annualized losses are presented when possible. Some additional results based on location-specific scenarios may also be presented to provide a complete picture of hazard vulnerability. Loss estimates provided in this vulnerability assessment are based on best available data and methodologies.The results are an approximation of risk. These estimates should be used to understand relative risk from hazards and potential losses. Uncertainties are inherent in any loss estimation methodology, arising in part from incomplete scientific knowledge concerning natural hazards and their effects on the built environment. Uncertainties also result from approximations and simplifications that are necessary for a comprehensive analysis (e.g., incomplete inventories, non-specific locations, demographics,or economic parameters). All conclusions are presented in"Conclusions on Hazard Vulnerability"at the end of this section. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:4 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 6.3 EXPLANATION OF DATA SOURCES Earthquake Hazus-MH 3.2 (as described above) was used to assess earthquake vulnerability. A level 1, probabilistic scenario to estimate annualized loss was utilized. In this scenario, several return periods (events of varying intensities) are run to determine annualized loss. Default Hazus earthquake damage functions and methodology were used to determine the probability of damage. Results are calculated at the 2010 U.S.Census tract level in Hazus and presented at the county level. Flood FEMA Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs) were used to determine flood vulnerability. DFIRM data can be used in ArcGIS for mapping purposes and they identify several features including floodplain boundaries and base flood elevations. Identified areas on the DFIRM represent some features of Flood Insurance Rate Maps including the 100-year flood areas (1.0-percent annual chance flood), and the 500- year flood areas (0.2-percent annual chance flood). For the vulnerability assessment, local parcel data and critical facilities were overlaid on the 100-year floodplain areas and 500-year floodplain areas. It should be noted that such an analysis does not account for building elevation. Hurricane and Tropical Storm Wind Hazus-MH 3.2 (as described above) was used to assess wind vulnerability. For the hurricane wind analysis,a probabilistic scenario was created to estimate the annualized loss damage and probable peak wind speeds in Augusta-Richmond County. Default Hazus wind speed data, damage functions, and methodology were used in to determine the probability of damage for 50-, 100-, 500-, and 1,000-year frequency events (also known as return periods) in the scenario. Results are calculated in Hazus at the 2010 U.S. Census tract level and presented at the county and municipal level. Chemical Hazard For the fixed chemical hazard analysis, Toxic Release Inventory data was used. The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) is a publicly available database from the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that contains information on toxic chemical releases and other waste management activities reported annually by certain covered industry groups as well as federal facilities. This inventory was established under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986(EPCRA) and expanded by the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. Each year, facilities that meet certain activity thresholds must report their releases and other waste management activities for listed toxic chemicals to EPA and to their state or tribal entity.A facility must report if it meets the following three criteria: ❖ The facility falls within one of the following industrial categories: manufacturing; metal mining; coal mining; electric generating facilities that combust coal and/or oil; chemical wholesale distributors; petroleum terminals and bulk storage facilities; RCRA Subtitle C treatment,storage, and disposal(TSD)facilities;and solvent recovery services; ❖ Has 10 or more full-time employee equivalents;and ❖ Manufactures or processes more than 25,000 pounds or otherwise uses more than 10,000 pounds of any listed chemical during the calendar year. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals are subject to different thresholds of 10 pounds, 100 pounds, or 0.1 grams depending on the chemical. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:5 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT For the mobile hazardous materials incident analysis,transportation data including major highways and railroads were obtained from the Georgia Department of Transportation.This data is ArcGIS compatible, lending itself to buffer analysis to determine risk. Nuclear Accident The data used to determine vulnerability to a nuclear accident in Augusta-Richmond County is based on the location of the Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant and buffer radii recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for emergency management planning in the event of a nuclear accident. Wildfire The data used to determine vulnerability to wildfire in Augusta-Richmond County is based on GIS data called the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment (SWRA). This data is available on the Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment website and can be downloaded and imported into ArcGIS. A specific layer, known as "Wildland Urban Interface Risk Index" (WUIRI) was used to determine vulnerability of people and property.The WUIRI is presented on a scale of 0 to-9. It combines data on housing density with the data on the impact and likelihood of a wildfire occurring in a specific area.The primary purpose of the data is to highlight areas of concern that may be conducive to mitigation actions. Due to the assumptions made, it is not a true probability. However, it does provide a comparison of risk throughout the region. 6.4 ASSET INVENTORY An inventory of geo-referenced assets within Augusta-Richmond County was compiled in order to identify and characterize those properties potentially at risk to the identified hazards.' By understanding the type and number of assets that exist and where they are located in relation to known hazard areas, the relative risk and vulnerability for such assets can be assessed. Under this assessment,two categories of physical assets were created and then further assessed through GIS analysis. These are presented below in Section 6.4.1. 6.4.1 Physical and Improved Assets The two categories of physical assets consist of: 1. Improved Property: Includes all improved properties in Augusta-Richmond County according to local parcel and building footprint data provided by the county. The information has been expressed in terms of the number of parcels and total value that may be exposed to the identified hazards. In addition, building footprint data was available for the county and it was used to improve the overall assessment by providing a more accurate assessment of how many buildings are located in hazard areas. However, it should be noted that building footprint data has not been updated since 2007,so it likely underestimates building counts. 2. Critical Facilities: Critical facilities vary by community and the critical facilities provided by Augusta-Richmond County are used in this section. It should be noted that this listing is not inclusive of every important asset located in the county, but is focused on the most critical and it is anticipated that it may be expanded or adjusted during future plan updates. 'While potentially not all-inclusive for the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County,"georeferenced"assets include those assets for which specific location data is readily available for connecting the asset to a specific geographic location for purposes of GIS analysis. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:6 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT The following tables provide a detailed listing of the geo-referenced assets that have been identified for inclusion in the vulnerability assessment for Augusta-Richmond County. Table 6.1 lists the number of buildings, number of parcels, and total value of parcels for participating areas of Augusta-Richmond County.' TABLE 6.1: IMPROVED PROPERTY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Number of Number of Total Assessed Location Buildings Parcels Value of Parcels Augusta-Richmond County 120,998 78,483 $11,647,282,467 Blythe 733 462 $26612825 Fort Gordon* Not Available 1 $307,196,200 Hephzibah 3,950 2,017 $201,121,136 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 125,681 80,963 $12,182,212,628 *Building footprint data was not available for the Fort Gordon area and the Fort Gordon area is designated by only a single parcel in the county records. Source:Augusta-Richmond County GIS Department Table 6.2 lists the emergency management facilities, fire stations, government buildings, law enforcement facilities, medical facilities, key private sector structures, schools, transportation facilities, universities,and utilities located in Augusta-Richmond County.These facilities were identified as primary critical facilities in that they are necessary to maintain government functions and protect the life, health, safety, and welfare of citizens. These facilities were geospatially mapped and used as the basis for further geographic analysis of the hazards that could potentially affect critical facilities. Critical facility information was provided by the Augusta-Richmond County GIS department and additional contributions were made by other departments. In addition, Figure 6.2 shows the locations of the primary critical facilities in Augusta-Richmond County. Table 6.17, near the end of this section,shows a complete list of the critical facilities by name,as well as the hazards that affect each facility.As noted previously,this list may not be inclusive of every important facility in the county, but attempts to include facilities that have been determined to be most important in the wake of a disaster by local government officials. TABLE 6.2: CRITICAL FACILITY INVENTORY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Emergency Law Location Management Fire Station Government Enforcement Medical Augusta-Richmond County 3 20 21 12 17 Blythe 0 1 1 1 0 Fort Gordon 0 2 0 0 2 Hephzibah 0 1 1 0 0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 3 24 23 13 19 Source:Local Governments 2 Total value for improvements is based on tax assessor records as joined to digital parcel data..Parcel values are updated for 2016. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:7 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TABLE 6.2:CRITICAL FACILITY INVENTORY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY(CONTINUED) Private Location Sector School Transportation University Utility Augusta-Richmond County 7 68 6 10 20 Blythe 0 1 0 0 4 Fort Gordon 0 1 0 0 0 Hephzibah 0 3 0 0 6 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND 7 73 6 10 30 COUNTY TOTAL Source:Local Governments FIGURE 6.2:CRITICAL FACILITY LOCATIONS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community /\/US Ramis Critical Facility Type A prwete sector Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Auto to /\/State Rows • Emergency M.nspement „ School i. t mendaa i'x 0 2 4 8 , awn* • Foe St.eon .. 1r.n.pono on © t N Fort Gordon '`+ H.ptruGah Government i Unwereny ,'}!� , ,,°' 5 Law Enforcement . Ut Nty vb 4t © MwlutIt H .. ' .:. ; jnj .• - a A e s e© H 41 + ® H :1.. R,Y MS o- ~ o A C ,. 0fir. 1' iII/ ,.,.. . l1fes*., 1 z} - .4 s �t • r" A D Source:Augusta-Richmond County 6.4.2 Social Vulnerability In addition to identifying those assets potentially at risk to identified hazards, it is important to identify and assess those particular segments of the resident population in Augusta-Richmond County that are potentially at risk to these hazards. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:8 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Table 6.3 lists the population by jurisdiction according to 2015 American Community Survey population estimates. The total population in Augusta-Richmond County according to Census data is 201,313 persons.Additional population estimates are presented in Section 3: Community Profile. TABLE 6.3:TOTAL POPULATION IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Location Total 2010 Population Augusta-Richmond County* 196,635 Blythe 728 Hephzibah 3,950 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 201,313 *The population count for Fort Gordon is included as part of the Augusta-Richmond County total. Source:United States Census Bureau In addition, Figure 6.3 illustrates the population density by census block as it was reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010. FIGURE 6.3: POPULATION DENSITY IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend `,u,,a. Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community /\/US Roads Population per Acre Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta /\/State Roads NM State � as r 0 2 4 8 s. Blythe Interstate 0,01-1.34 � N Fort Gordon 1.35-3.23 lt Hephzibah 1`Zm`�3.24-5.26 s .,' ^ III>5.28 r. 4 s -C'_a 4 eta.. 4"!‘..",:„r,746:it34"-7,14, -".4., 1111101 4 - al I '4H tb1111111111 E f . e " ,.w aha , `: s a.,,,; Aiiiiii.,'4' -, -: '#''''' '''''''''t:';'' ":11'..1.':14".:A41..; '''";:7;';i:':-:,PiW,1::'''V sr Source:U.S.Census Bureau,2010 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:9 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 6.4.3 Development Trends and Changes in Vulnerability Since the previous hazard mitigation plan update, Augusta-Richmond County has experienced limited growth and development. Table 6.4 shows the number of building units constructed since 2010 according to the U.S. Census American Community Survey. TABLE 6.4: HOUSING UNIT COUNTS FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY %Building Jurisdiction 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Stock Built Post-2010 Augusta-Richmond County 84,348 84,575 84,601 84,649 84,925 85,103 0.9% Blythe 258 294 302 304 313 319 23.6% Hephzibah 1,492 1,440 1,551 1,466 1,481 1,532 2.7% AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY 86,098 86,309 86,454 86,419 86,719 86,954 1.0% TOTAL *The housing unit count for Fort Gordon is included as part of the Augusta-Richmond County total. Source:United States Census Bureau Table 6.5 shows population growth estimates for the county and municipalities from 2010 to 2015 based on the American Community Survey's Annual Estimates of Resident Population. TABLE 6.5: POPULATION GROWTH FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Population Estimates(as of July 1) %Change Jurisdiction 2010 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Augusta Richmond 193,532 194,440 195,646 196,395 196,551 196,635 1.6% County* Blythe 635 675 657 641 691 728 14.7% Hephzibah 4,003 3,997 4,055 4,053 4,026 3,950 -1.3% AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY 198,170 199,112 200,358 199,086 199,326 201,313 1.6% TOTAL *The population count for Fort Gordon is included as part of the Augusta-Richmond County total. Note:July 1 population estimates from the American Community Survey were used in this table to allow comparison of annual population counts.April 1,2010 Census estimates may have been used for other population counts throughout the plan which is why counts may differ somewhat. Source: United States Census Bureau Based on the data above,there has been a low rate of residential development in the county since 2010. That is to say, the county as a whole has been growing at a steady, even rate overall. Although Blythe has seen a substantially higher relative change in housing units and population, it should be noted that the size of the community makes annual projections difficult and the percent change statistic may exaggerate the absolute growth. There has been some population growth across Augusta-Richmond County since 2010. Since the population has increased across the county, there is now a greater number of people exposed to the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:10 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT identified hazards. Therefore, population growth has impacted the county's vulnerability since the previous local hazard mitigation plan was approved and there has been a slight increase in the overall vulnerability. It is also important to note that as development increases in the future, greater populations and more structures and infrastructure will be exposed to potential hazards if development occurs in the floodplains or other high risk areas identified in this plan. 6.5 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT RESULTS As noted earlier, only hazards with a specific geographic boundary, modeling tool, or sufficient historical data allow for further analysis. Those results are presented here. All other hazards are assumed to impact the entire planning region (e.g. drought) or, due to lack of data, analysis would not lead to credible results(e.g.terrorism).The total county exposure, and thus risk,was presented in Table 6.1. The annualized loss estimate for all hazards is presented at the end of this section in Table 6.16. The hazards presented in this subsection include: hurricane and tropical storm winds,earthquake,flood, chemical hazard, nuclear accident, and wildfire. 6.5.1 Hurricane and Tropical Storm Historical evidence indicates that Augusta-Richmond County has fairly significant risk to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. Many hurricane tracks have come near or traversed through Augusta- Richmond County,as shown and discussed in Section 5:Hazard Profiles. Hurricanes and tropical storms can cause damage through numerous additional hazards such as flooding, erosion, tornadoes, high winds, and precipitation, thus it is difficult to estimate total potential losses from these cumulative effects. The current Hazus-MH hurricane model only analyzes hurricane winds and is not capable of modeling and estimating cumulative losses from all hazards associated with hurricanes; therefore only hurricane winds are analyzed in this section. It can be assumed that all existing and future buildings and populations are at risk to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. Hazus-MH 3.2 was used to determine annualized losses for the county as shown below in Table 6.6. In the comparative annualized loss analysis at the end of this section, only losses to buildings are reported in order to best match annualized losses reported for other hazards. TABLE 6.6:ANNUALIZED Loss ESTIMATIONS FOR HURRICANE WIND HAZARD Building Contents Inventory Total Annualized Location Loss Loss Loss Loss Augusta-Richmond County $1,816,000 $484,000 $5,000 $2,305,000 Source:Hazus-MH 3.2 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:11 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT In addition, probable peak wind speeds were calculated in Hazus.These are shown below in Table 6.7. TABLE 6.7: PROBABLE PEAK HURRICANE/TROPICAL STORM WIND SPEEDS(MPH) Location 50-year event 100-year event 500-year event 1,000-year event Augusta-Richmond County 68.1 77.8 97.3 103.6 Blythe 66.6 75.9 95.3 100.8 Fort Gordon 66.6 75.9 95.3 100.8 Hephzibah 67.2 76.6 96.4 102.3 MAXIMUM WIND SPEED 68.1 77.8 97.3 103.6 REPORTED Source:Hazus-MH 3.2 Social Vulnerability Given equal susceptibility across Augusta-Richmond County, it is assumed that the total population is at risk to the hurricane and tropical storm hazard. Critical Facilities Given equal vulnerability across Augusta-Richmond County, all critical facilities are considered to be at risk. Some buildings may perform better than others in the face of such an event due to construction and age, among other factors. Determining individual building response is beyond the scope of this plan. However, this plan will consider mitigation actions for vulnerable structures, including critical facilities, to reduce the impacts of the hurricane wind hazard. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.17 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a hurricane event has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, critical facilities, and populations in Augusta-Richmond County. Hurricane events can cause substantial damage in their wake including fatalities,extensive debris clean-up,and extended power outages. 6.5.2 Earthquake For the earthquake hazard vulnerability assessment,a probabilistic scenario was created to estimate the annualized loss for the county. Since the scenario is annualized, no building counts are provided. Losses reported included losses due to building damage (structural and non-structural), contents, and inventory. However, like the analysis for hurricanes,the comparative annualized loss figures at the end of this section only utilize building losses in order to provide consistency with other hazards. Table 6.8 summarizes the findings. TABLE 6.8:ANNUALIZED LOSS ESTIMATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD Structural Non-Structural Contents Inventory Total Annualized Location Building Loss Building Loss Loss Loss Loss Augusta-Richmond $250,000 $750,000 $287,000 $9,000 $1,296,000 County Source:Hazus-MH 3.2 Social Vulnerability It can be assumed that all existing and future populations are at risk to the earthquake hazard. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:12 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Critical Facilities The Hazus probabilistic analysis indicated that no critical facilities would sustain measurable damage in an earthquake event. However, all critical facilities should be considered at-risk to minor to moderate damage, should an event occur. A list of individual critical facilities and their risk can be found in Table 6.17. In conclusion, an earthquake has the potential to impact all existing and future buildings, facilities, and populations in Augusta-Richmond County. Minor earthquakes may rattle dishes and cause minimal damage while stronger earthquakes may result in structural damage. Impacts of earthquakes include debris clean-up, service disruption and, in severe cases, fatalities due to building collapse. Specific vulnerabilities for assets will be greatly dependent on their individual design and the mitigation measures in place, where appropriate. Such site-specific vulnerability determinations are outside the scope of this assessment but will be considered during future plan updates if data becomes available. Furthermore, mitigation actions to address earthquake vulnerability will be considered. 6.5.3 Flood Historical evidence indicates that Augusta-Richmond County is susceptible to flood events. A total of 24 flood events have been reported by the National Climatic Data Center, resulting in over$800,000 (2016 dollars) in property damage. Additionally, there have been over$3.3 million in claims paid to residents via the National Flood Insurance Program. In order to assess flood risk, a GIS-based analysis was used to estimate exposure to flood events using Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) data in combination with local building footprints and parcel/tax assessor records for Augusta-Richmond County and each of the municipalities in this plan. The determination of value at-risk (exposure) was calculated using GIS analysis by summing the 2016 values for only those properties that were confirmed to be located within an identified floodplain.Table 6.9 presents the potential at-risk property. Both the number of buildings, parcels, and the approximate value are presented. TABLE 6.9: ESTIMATED EXPOSURE OF PARCELS/BUILDINGS TO THE FLOOD HAZARD 1.0-percent ACF r 1 Approx. Approx. Location Approx.Value 4,, Number Number of Parcels Buildings of Parcels Augusta-Richmond County 4,599 4,689 $1,128,165,630 712 1,016 $371,111,787 Blythe 0 5 $1,292,352 0 0 $0 Fort Gordon* Hephzibah 131 277 $31,207,022 40 110 $17,919,255 AUGUSTA- RICHMOND 4,730 4,971 $1,160,665,004 752 1,126 $389,031,042 COUNTY TOTAL *Since spatial data on Fort Gordon is limited to a single parcel and associated dollar value,assessing vulnerability based on this information would either lead to an overestimate or an underestimate of countywide risk.Therefore,the Fort Gordon numbers are not included,though it should be noted that areas of Fort Gordon are located in both the 1.0 percent and 0.2 percent ACF areas. Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency DFIRM Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:13 February 2017 m. SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Social Vulnerability U.S. Census 2010 population at the tract level was used for analysis to determine where areas of high population concentration intersect with flood prone areas in the county. Figure 6.4 is presented to gain a better understanding of the at-risk population. FIGURE 6.4 : POPULATION DENSITY NEAR FLOODPLAINS Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community /\/USRoads CensusBlocka Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Aupusm /,./State Roads Population per Acre MA* Interstate 000 © 0 2 4 8 6. Fon Gordon � 1.0 p.rcent annual chanes food eros 0.01-1.31 .. . N Moptssbh go 0.2 porcoS annual Cheng flood MO Mg 1.35-3.23 ;}l• ' r Sunoundinp Count). LamProMcted Ar. �720�5.26 y,� 3 IMI 526 A...,#1 I 4 i }yam 41 liks AF'q� `, ,r�l Men County Columbia County o, j .0 :,` a 1 «. tri _ . '. . lip dy, ) f IN mouse coy ./ „`7 1 ! * a. Lii A 411‘ T©... , ` y. i 04 e #10/011LI 6111111kt Fl g J Aa Jeffs - County suite Ginty a 611111161104/1111011:) 111 Source:FEMA DFIRM,United States Census 2010 Critical Facilities The critical facility analysis revealed that there are 5 critical facilities located in the either the 1.0- percent annual chance or 0.2 percent annual chance floodplain. One of these facilities is a water pump station which in some cases are necessarily located within the floodplain. The remaining four facilities are a recycling center, a government recreation facility, a private sector business, and a campground (as previously noted, this analysis does not consider building elevation, which may negate risk.) A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.17 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a flood has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, facilities, and populations in Augusta-Richmond County,though some areas are at a higher risk than others. All types of structures in a floodplain are at-risk, though elevated structures will have a reduced risk. As noted, the floodplains used in this analysis include the 100-year and 500-year FEMA regulated floodplain Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:14 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT boundaries. It is certainly possible that more severe events could occur beyond these boundaries and urban (flash) flooding could certainly impact additional structures. Such site-specific vulnerability determinations are outside the scope of this assessment but will be considered during future plan updates. Furthermore, areas subject to repetitive flooding should be analyzed for potential mitigation actions. 6.5.4 Hazardous Materials Incident Historical evidence indicates that Augusta-Richmond County is susceptible to chemical hazard events.A total of 339 HAZMAT incidents have been reported by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration since 1971, resulting in over$700,000(2016 dollars) in property damage and 27 injuries. Most hazardous materials incidents that occur are contained and suppressed before destroying any property or threatening lives. However, they can have a significant negative impact. Such events can cause deaths, completely shut down facilities, and cause affected properties to be destroyed or suffer major damage. In a hazardous materials incident,solid, liquid,and/or gaseous contaminants may be released from fixed or mobile containers. Weather conditions will directly affect how the hazard develops. Certain chemicals may travel through the air or water, affecting a much larger area than the point of the incidence itself. Non-compliance with fire and building codes, as well as failure to maintain existing fire and containment features, can substantially increase the damage from a hazardous materials release. The duration of a hazardous materials incident can range from hours to days. Warning time is minimal to none. In order to conduct the vulnerability assessment for this hazard, GIS analysis was used to determine overlap areas for fixed and mobile areas with building footprints/parcels.' In both the fixed and mobile scenarios, two sizes of buffers-0.5-mile and 1.0-mile—were used. These areas are assumed to respect the different levels of effect: immediate (primary) and secondary. Primary and secondary impact sites were selected based on guidance from the PHMSA Emergency Response Guidebook, but it should be noted that specific chemical buffer areas were not determined for each fixed site. Since many fixed sites contain multiple hazardous chemicals and also because, in the event of a mobile incident, it would be impossible to determine ahead of time what chemical was going to be released, the aforementioned standard buffer distances were universally used to determine risk areas. For the fixed site analysis, geo-referenced TRI and Tier II listed toxic sites in Augusta-Richmond County, along with buffers,were used for analysis as shown in Figure 6.5 and Figure 6.6. For the mobile analysis, the major roads (Interstate highway, U.S. highway, and State highway) and railroads, where hazardous materials are primarily transported were used for the GIS buffer analysis. Figure 6.7 and Figure 6.8 show the areas used for mobile toxic release buffer analysis. The results indicate the approximate number of parcels/buildings and improved value, as shown in Table 6.10 (TRI fixed sites), Table 6.11 (Tier II fixed sites),Table 6.12(mobile road sites)and Table 6.13(mobile railroad sites).4 3 This type of analysis will likely yield inflated results(generally higher than what is actually reported after an actual event). 4 Note that parcels included in the 1.0-mile analysis are also included in the 0.5-mile analysis. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:15 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE 6.5: FIXED FACILITY TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY SITES WITH BUFFERS IN AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Community "/US Roads - Augusta /U A!�,State Roads E• Cou 0 2 4 8 .61. Blythe Interstate 0 N Fort Gordon • TRI Sites : r'�`� .. Hephzibah 400 0.5 mile hazard area �' ID Surrounding Counties 1�1.0 mile hazard area Cowm6fa cennny i?3 = '�Q O�All Aiken County / , (2 I, , ireIP11111111(16nil ra IlL McDuMie CoV.V illy II wo 43i , Q Q ci 44111Or Jo County Burks county 116:,11o Source:Environmental Protection Agency TABLE 6.10: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS(TRI FIXED SITES) 0.5-mile buffer 2.Atrir ,. _..E. °, ' Location Approx. Approx. Approx.Value - . ' Number Number of Parcels : .. Buildings of Parcels a = h> ," ( ,: Augusta-Richmond County 5,892 3,070 $713,203,483 16,560 11,173 $1,769,358,216 Blythe 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Fort Gordon* -- -- -- -- -- -- Hephzibah 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND 5,892 3,070 $713,203,483 16,560 11,173 $1,769,358,216 COUNTY TOTAL *Since spatial data on Fort Gordon is limited to a single parcel and associated dollar value,assessing vulnerability based on this information would either lead to an overestimate or an underestimate of countywide risk.Therefore,the Fort Gordon numbers are not included,though it should be noted that areas of Fort Gordon are located in both the 0.5 mile and 1.0 mile hazard areas. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:16 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE 6.6: FIXED FACILITY TIER II SITES WITH BUFFERS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community iu US Roads �1► Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta ,' /State Roads Y1.' . "Id CAU 0 2 4 8 .4. Blythe Interstate 0 '-�' N Fort Gordon • Tier ii Sites c Hephzibah 4100.5 mile hazard areaililL .i1 .--"""e* lilt Surrounding Counties 1.0 mile hazard area .11 �CWut 'Qtxmy . .. / • ,Aidg . t o `z c Arleen Courcy .. tza McDufie Cou { Mi I a 4 .04 Je CountySu,ke County t 0 Source:Environmental Protection Agency TABLE 6.11: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (TIER II FIXED SITES) 0.5-mile buffer Approx. Approx. 4 � Location Approx.Value Number Number Buildings of Parcels of Parcels Augusta-Richmond County 38,354 26,055 $5,082,314,606 68,930 46,022 $7,696,872,527 Blythe 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Fort Gordon* -- -- -- Hephzibah 87 51 $7,361,428 216 92 $11,521,958 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 38,441 26,106 $5,089,676,034 69,146 46,114 $7,708,394,485 *Since spatial data on Fort Gordon is limited to a single parcel and associated dollar value,assessing vulnerability based on this information would either lead to an overestimate or an underestimate of countywide risk.Therefore,the Fort Gordon numbers are not included,though it should be noted that areas of Fort Gordon are located in both the 0.5 mile and 1.0 mile hazard areas. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:17 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE 6.7: MOBILE HAZMAT BUFFERS FOR ROADS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community /\/US Roads Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta /\,/State Roads Q E,1/457k1 /" 0 2 d 8 iib Blythe Interstate � / ' �' N Fort Gordon 0.5 mile hazard area e , Hephzibah 1.0 mile hazard area . C3 Surrounding Counties x y 0 Cokinfga CounQ Aiken County ate. ,. /'' MI McDuff*Cou , ` Fri` d County e1Rke County M f Source:United States Department of Transportation TABLE 6.12: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL (MOBILE ANALYSIS-ROAD) 0.5-mile buffer ,Y.5 . . s "=s, Approx. Approx. ;, Location Approx.Value _ ° ' i Number Number �° Buildings of Parcels of Parcels Augusta-Richmond County 62,886 41,732 $6,554,380,151 92,984 61,338 $8,827,413,010 Blythe 670 440 $334,823,236 735 478 $336,660,070 Fort Gordon* -- -- -- -- Hephzibah 1,219 656 $69,381,547 1,934 1,105 $132,357,178 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 64,775 42,828 $6,958,584,934 95,653 62,921 $9,296,430,258 *Since spatial data on Fort Gordon is limited to a single parcel and associated dollar value,assessing vulnerability based on this information would either lead to an overestimate or an underestimate of countywide risk.Therefore,the Fort Gordon numbers are not included,though it should be noted that areas of Fort Gordon are located in both the 0.5 mile and 1.0 mile hazard areas. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:18 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE6.8: MOBILE HAZMAT BUFFERS FOR RAILROADS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community .— Railroads Hazard Mitigation Plan Augusta 4111101 0.5 mile hazard area - Cou 0 2 4 8 0 Blythe 1.0 mile hazard area s Fort Gordon Hephzibah ( J Surrounding Counties •z Columbia CountyAiken County l McOufte County 7 Jefferson County: Burke County 'e Source:United States Department of Transportation TABLE 6.13: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL (MOBILE ANALYSIS- RAILROAD) 0.5-mile buffer �F :, Location Approx. Approx. Approx.Value �' �- 1- Number Number Buildings of Parcels of Parcels 1= �4 ,, ., Augusta-Richmond County 38,817 26,570 $4,158,890,954 64,744 42,527 $6,366,051,365 Blythe 0 0 $0 0 0 $0 Fort Gordon* -- -- -- Hephzibah 851 488 $47,345,791 1,230 721 $84,593,990 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 39,668 27,058 $4,206,236,745 65,974 43,248 $6,450,645,355 *Since spatial data on Fort Gordon is limited to a single parcel and associated dollar value,assessing vulnerability based on this information would either lead to an overestimate or an underestimate of countywide risk.Therefore,the Fort Gordon numbers are not included,though it should be noted that areas of Fort Gordon are located in both the 0.5 mile and 1.0 mile hazard areas. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:19 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Social Vulnerability Given high susceptibility across Augusta-Richmond County, it is assumed that the total population is at risk to hazardous materials incidents. It should be noted that areas of population concentration may be at an elevated risk due to a greater burden to evacuate population quickly. Critical Facilities Fixed Site Analysis: The critical facility analysis for fixed TRI sites revealed that there are 40 facilities located in a hazard risk zone. The primary impact zone includes 12 facilities of the following types: one government, one law enforcement,two private sector,three schools,one transportation,one university, and three utility.The remaining facilities are in the secondary, 1.0-mile,zone. The critical facility analysis for fixed Tier II sites revealed that there are 135 facilities located in a hazard risk zone. The primary impact zone includes 102 facilities. The remaining facilities are in the secondary, 1.0-mile, zone. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.17 at the end of this section. Mobile Analysis: The critical facility analysis for road and railroad transportation corridors revealed that there are 166 critical facilities located in the primary and secondary mobile HAZMAT buffer areas for roads and 128 critical facilities located in the railroad HAZMAT buffer areas.The primary impact zone for roads includes 130 facilities and the primary impact zone for railroads includes 92 facilities. It should be noted that many of the facilities located in the buffer areas for railroad are also located in the buffer areas for road. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.17 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a hazardous material incident has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, critical facilities, and populations in Augusta-Richmond County. Those areas in a primary buffer are at the highest risk, though all areas carry some vulnerability due to variations in conditions that could alter the impact area such direction and speed of wind,volume of release,etc. 6.5.5 Nuclear Accident The location of Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant southeast of Augusta-Richmond County demonstrates that the county is at some risk to the effects of a nuclear accident. Although there have not been any major events at this plant in the past, there have been major events at other nuclear stations around the country.Additionally,smaller scale incidents at Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant have occurred. In order to assess nuclear risk, a GIS-based analysis was used to estimate exposure during a nuclear event within each of the risk zones described in Section 5: Hazard Profiles. The determination of assessed value at-risk(exposure)was calculated using GIS analysis by summing the total values for those properties that were confirmed to be located within one of the risk zones.Table 6.14 presents potential at-risk properties in the 10-mile and 50-mile buffer zones. The number of buildings, parcels, and the approximate value are presented. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:20 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT TABLE 6.14: ESTIMATED EXPOSURE OF PARCELS/BUILDINGS TO A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT 10-mile buffer "2 Location Approx. Approx. Number Number Approx.Value - Buildings of Parcels of Parcels Augusta-Richmond County 0 3 $2,716,529 120,990 78,420 $11,018,916,286 Blythe 0 0 $0 735 478 $336,660,070 Fort Gordon* -- -- Hephzibah 0 0 $0 3,956 2,063 $212,243,872 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND 0 3 COUNTY TOTAL $2,716,529 125,681 80,961 $11,567,820,228 Source:International Atomic Energy Agency Social Vulnerability Since a small area in the southeast part of the county is within the 10-mile buffer area, this segment o the population is considered to be at highest risk to a nuclear accident. However, other populations in the county may also be at some risk. Critical Facilities The critical facility analysis revealed that all of 208 critical facilities are located in the 50-mile nuclear buffer area. None are located in the 10-mile buffer area. A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.17 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a nuclear accident has the potential to impact many existing and future buildings, facilities,and populations in the Augusta-Richmond County,though areas in the southeast of the county are at a higher risk than others. 6.5.6 Wildfire Historical evidence indicates that Augusta-Richmond County is susceptible to wildfire events. An annual average of 38 wildfires were reported by the Georgia Forestry Commission from 2007 to 2016. To estimate exposure to wildfire, the approximate number of parcels and their associated improved value was determined using GIS analysis. For the critical facility analysis, areas of risk were intersected with critical facility locations. Figure 6.9 shows the Wildland Urban Interface Risk Index (WUIRI) data, which is a data layer that shows a rating of the potential impact of a wildfire on people and their homes. The key input, Wildland Urban Interface (WUI), reflects housing density (houses per acre) consistent with Federal Register National standards. The location ofpeople living in the WUI and rural areas is key information for defining potential wildfire impacts to people and homes. Initially provided as raster data, it was converted to a polygon to allow for analysis. The Wildland Urban Interface Risk Index data ranges from 0 to -9 with lower values being most severe (as noted previously, this is only a measure of relative risk). Figure 6.10 shows the areas of analysis where any grid cell is less than -5. Areas with a value below -5 were chosen to be displayed as areas of risk because this showed the upper echelon of the scale and the areas at highest risk. Table 6.15 shows the results of the analysis. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:21 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE 6.9:WUI RISK INDEX AREAS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County, Georgia Community VNiidiandUrban Interface Risk Index Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan ME 9E," t Blythe -4 0 2 4 8 Fort Gordon --7M111111.==11.1111111110111M Niel " Hopnzdoon C=3 4 0 SurroundNte Gow en,I I-5 e 71-{ il# , la-J 17 .. all1 >i._�a �� Ilae ,. •y 'T' ,w { ed f CGlumbla County ,,..w;A +�'. :�` + Men County ,40' ° ti i - N McDufke Countys, r >K 8 - i#-. 4,Pit.' Ai f ' , L+ fill Jeffersonw County ^ft' 4 4 Source:Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Data Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:22 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE 6.10:WILDFIRE RISK AREAS IN AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY Legend Augusta-Richmond County,Georgia Community /u US Roads Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan y Augusta /NState Roads 0 Cou 2 4 8 / N Blythe Interstate Fort Gordon `WUI Risk Index<-5IL r Hephzibah . e d , ,�4 4, Surrounding Counties i n� s11111 ir R...401,4r. s : ,, & 010s11111\ Aiken County illy .,..4: Yt MS McOufe Cou ` ` • ms ► I.a ' !, r . . r i alts ,i:I t+ L sa► `' Jo County Burke County i ..' -4'1/4;1 ti:• w Source:Southern Wildfire Risk Assessment Data TABLE 6.15: EXPOSURE OF IMPROVED PROPERTY TO WILDFIRE RISK AREAS HIGH WILDFIRE RISK AREA Location Approx. Number Approx.Number of Approx.Value of Parcels Buildings Parcels Augusta-Richmond County 13,868 14,300 $2,433,152,640 Blythe 452 364 $332,086,685 Fort Gordon* -- -- -- Hephzibah 1,379 1,193 $132,925,088 AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY TOTAL 15,699 15,857 $2,898,164,413 *Since spatial data on Fort Gordon is limited to a single parcel and associated dollar value,assessing vulnerability based on this information would either lead to an overestimate or an underestimate of countywide risk.Therefore,the Fort Gordon numbers are not included,though it should be noted that areas of Fort Gordon are located in the wildfire risk area. Social Vulnerability Although not all areas have equal vulnerability, there is some susceptibility across the entire county. According to Census block analysis, there are around 105,952 people located in blocks that are in the aforementioned wildfire risk zone. However, it is assumed that the population is at relatively low risk to Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:23 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT the wildfire hazard compared to many areas of the country due to the high density of development in the county. Critical Facilities The critical facility analysis revealed that there are 19 critical facilities located in the wildfire risk area (areas where the WUIRI is less than -5): one fire station, two government, four law enforcement, four medical, one private sector, three schools, one university, and three utility. However, it should also be noted,that several factors could impact the spread of a wildfire putting all facilities at some risk.A list of specific critical facilities and their associated risk can be found in Table 6.17 at the end of this section. In conclusion, a wildfire event has the potential to impact some existing and future buildings, critical facilities,and populations in Augusta-Richmond County. 6.6 CONCLUSIONS ON HAZARD VULNERABILITY The results of this vulnerability assessment are useful in at least three ways: ❖ Improving our understanding of the risk associated with the hazards in Augusta-Richmond County through better understanding of the complexities and dynamics of risk, how levels of risk can be measured and compared,and the myriad of factors that influence risk. An understanding of these relationships is critical in making balanced and informed decisions on managing the risk. ❖ Providing a baseline for policy development and comparison of mitigation alternatives.The data used for this analysis presents a current picture of risk in Augusta-Richmond County. Updating this risk "snapshot" with future data will enable comparison of the changes in risk with time. Baselines of this type can support the objective analysis of policy and program options for risk reduction in the region. ❖ Comparing the risk among the hazards addressed. The ability to quantify the risk to all these hazards relative to one another helps in a balanced, multi-hazard approach to risk management at each level of governing authority. This ranking provides a systematic framework to compare and prioritize the very disparate hazards that are present in Augusta-Richmond County. This final step in the risk assessment provides the necessary information for local officials to craft a mitigation strategy to focus resources on only those hazards that pose the most threat to Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities. Exposure to hazards can be an indicator of vulnerability. Economic exposure can be identified through locally assessed values for improvements (buildings),and social exposure can be identified by estimating the population exposed to each hazard. This information is especially important for decision-makers to use in planning for evacuation or other public safety related needs. The types of assets included in these analyses include all building types in the participating jurisdictions. Specific information about the types of assets that are vulnerable to the identified hazards is included in each hazard subsection (for example all building types are considered at risk to the winter storm hazard and primarily residential buildings are at risk to repetitive flooding,etc.). Table 6.16 presents a summary of annualized loss for each hazard in Augusta-Richmond County. Due to the reporting of hazard damages primarily at the county level and the fact that Blythe and Hephzibah Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 6:24 February 2017 SECTION 6:VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT are relatively small municipalities, it was determined that a specified annualized loss estimate for each municipality would be redundant. Therefore, annualized loss was determined using the damage reported from historical occurrences at the county level. These values should be used as an additional planning tool or measure risk for determining hazard mitigation strategies throughout the county. TABLE 6.16:ANNUALIZED LOSS FOR AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY* Augusta- Event Richmond County Natural Hazards Drought Not Available Earthquake $250,000 Extreme Heat Not Available Flooding $42,980 Hail $504 Hurricane/Tropical Storm $1,816,000 Infectious Disease Not Available Lightning $41,926 Severe Winter Storm Not Available Solar Flare/EMP Not Available Tornado $976,120 Wildfire Not Available Windstorm/Thunderstorm $71,978 Technological/Man-Made Hazards Chemical Hazard $17,154 Cyberterrorism Not Available Dam/Levee Failure Not Available Nuclear Power Plant Incident Not Available Terrorism Not Available Utility Failure Not Available *In this table,the term"Not Available"is used to indicate that no property damage for the particular hazard was recorded. This could be the case either because there were no events that caused dollar damage or because documentation of that particular type of event is not well-kept or readily available. As noted previously, all existing and future buildings and populations (including critical facilities) are vulnerable to atmospheric hazards including drought, extreme heat, hail, hurricane and tropical storm, lightning, severe winter storm, tornado, and windstorm/thunderstorm. All existing and future buildings are also vulnerable to many of the technological/man-made hazards including cyberterrorism,terrorism, and utility failure. Some buildings may be more vulnerable to these hazards based on construction and building type. Table 6.17 shows the critical facilities vulnerable to hazards analyzed in this section. The table lists those assets that are determined to be exposed to each of the identified hazards (marked with an "X"). 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CO o y U E •� ai 'ts W a+ C ++ _ z i- N c0 ' O co t o E n cp 0 0- L O U O ns Z w a) E C N c z L t t N m z F z ri, .0 . 2 . a U > W 1- N N N `0 E N L -C 4. H J t L L O N t 0 Q . . - ' .4!: N O 2 2 2 2 0 vi 2 F— SECTION CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT This section of the Plan discusses the capability of the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County to implement hazard mitigation activities. It consists of the following four subsections: ❖ 7.1 What is a Capability Assessment? ❖ 7.2 Conducting the Capability Assessment ❖ 7.3 Capability Assessment Findings ❖ 7.4 Conclusions on Local Capability 7.1 WHAT IS A CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT? The purpose of conducting a capability assessment is to determine the ability of a local jurisdiction to implement a comprehensive mitigation strategy and to identify potential opportunities for establishing or enhancing specific mitigation policies, programs, or projects.' As in any planning process, it is important to try to establish which goals, objectives, and/or actions are feasible based on an understanding of the organizational capacity of those agencies or departments tasked with their implementation. A capability assessment helps to determine which mitigation actions are practical, and likely to be implemented over time, given a local government's planning and regulatory framework, level of administrative and technical support,amount of fiscal resources,and current political climate. A capability assessment has two primary components: 1) an inventory of a local jurisdiction's relevant plans, ordinances, or programs already in place and 2) an analysis of its capacity to carry them out. Careful examination of local capabilities will detect any existing gaps, shortfalls, or weaknesses with ongoing government activities that could hinder proposed mitigation activities and possibly exacerbate community hazard vulnerability.A capability assessment also highlights the positive mitigation measures already in place or being implemented at the local government level, which should continue to be supported and enhanced through future mitigation efforts. The capability assessment completed for Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities serves as a critical planning step and an integral part of the foundation for designing an effective hazard mitigation strategy. Coupled with the Risk Assessment, the Capability Assessment helps identify and target meaningful mitigation actions for incorporation in the Mitigation Strategy portion of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. It not only helps establish the goals and objectives for Augusta-Richmond County to pursue under this Plan, but it also ensures that those goals and objectives are realistically achievable under given local conditions. While the Final Rule for implementing the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 does not require a local capability assessment to be completed for local hazard mitigation plans,it is a critical step in developing a mitigation strategy that meets the needs of the region while taking into account their own unique abilities. The Rule does state that a community's mitigation strategy should be "based on existing authorities,policies,programs and resources,and its ability to expand on and improve these existing tools" (44 CFR,Part 201.6(c)(3)). Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:1 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT 7.2 CONDUCTING THE CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT In order to facilitate the inventory and analysis of local government capabilities for Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities, a detailed Capability Assessment Survey was distributed to local government officials of each participating jurisdiction.2 The survey questionnaire compiled information on a variety of"capability indicators" such as existing local plans, policies, programs, or ordinances that contribute to and/or hinder the jurisdictions' ability to implement hazard mitigation actions. Other indicators included information related to the communities' fiscal, administrative, and technical capabilities, such as access to local budgetary and personnel resources for mitigation purposes. The current political climate, an important consideration for any local planning or decision making process, was also evaluated with respect to hazard mitigation. At a minimum, survey results provide an extensive inventory of existing local plans, ordinances, programs, and resources that are in place or under development in addition to their overall effect on hazard loss reduction. However, the survey instrument can also serve to identify gaps, weaknesses, or conflicts that the local jurisdictions can recast as opportunities for specific actions to be proposed as part of the hazard mitigation strategy. The information provided in response to the survey questionnaire was incorporated into a database for further analysis. A general scoring methodology was then applied to quantify each jurisdiction's overall capability.3 According to the scoring system, each capability indicator was assigned a point value based on its relevance to hazard mitigation. Using this scoring methodology, a total score and an overall capability rating of"high," "moderate," or "limited" could be determined according to the total number of points received. These classifications are designed to provide nothing more than a general assessment of local government capability. The results of this capability assessment provide critical information for developing an effective and meaningful mitigation strategy. 7.3 CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT FINDINGS The findings of the capability assessment are summarized in this Plan to provide insight into the relevant capacity of the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County to implement hazard mitigation activities. All information is based upon the input provided by local government officials through the Capability Assessment Survey and during meetings of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team.Since the City of Augusta operates in conjunction with Richmond County as part of a consolidated government, these communities were treated as a single entity for this assessment. Additionally, Fort Gordon was not included in this assessment since it is not an incorporated municipality. 7.3.1 Planning and Regulatory Capability Planning and regulatory capability is based on the implementation of plans, ordinances, and programs that demonstrate a local jurisdiction's commitment to guiding and managing growth, development, and redevelopment in a responsible manner while maintaining the general welfare of the community. It includes emergency response and mitigation planning, comprehensive land use planning, and 2 The Capability Assessment Survey instrument is available in Appendix B. 3 The scoring methodology used to quantify and rank the jurisdictions'capability can be found in Appendix B. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:2 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT transportation planning; the enforcement of zoning or subdivision ordinances and building codes that regulate how land is developed and structures are built; as well as protecting environmental, historic, and cultural resources in the community. Although some conflicts can arise, these planning initiatives generally present significant opportunities to integrate hazard mitigation principles and practices into the local decision making process. This assessment is designed to provide a general overview of the key planning and regulatory tools and programs that are in place or under development for the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County along with their potential effect on loss reduction. This information will help identify opportunities to address existing gaps, weaknesses, or conflicts with other initiatives in addition to integrating the implementation of this Plan with existing planning mechanisms where appropriate. Table 7.1 provides a summary of the relevant local plans, ordinances, and programs already in place or under development for the jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County. A checkmark (1) indicates that the given item is currently in place and being implemented. An asterisk(*) indicates that the given item is currently being developed for future implementation. A dagger (t) indicates that the given item is administered for that municipality by Augusta-Richmond County. Each of these local plans, ordinances, and programs should be considered available mechanisms for incorporating the requirements of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan. TABLE 7.1: RELEVANT PLANS, ORDINANCES,AND PROGRAMS Ci azo o G z Q � u m = oc Planning/Regulatory Tool Hazard Mitigation Plan ✓ t t Threat and Hazard Identification ✓ * * and Risk Assessment(THIRA) Comprehensive Land Use Plan ✓ ✓ ✓ Floodplain Management ✓ * Plan/Flood Mitigation Plan Open Space Management Plan ✓ ✓ (Parks&Rec/Greenway Plan) Stormwater Management ✓ ✓ ✓ Plan/Ordinance Natural Resource Protection ✓ * Plan Flood Response Plan ✓ Emergency Operations Plan ✓ ✓ Emergency Management Accreditation Program(EMAP Accreditation) Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:3 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT G . la— Z r d G Z t N O.D u O m = oc Planning/Regulatory Tool Continuity of Operations Plan Evacuation Plan Disaster Recovery Plan ✓ Capital Improvements Plan ✓ ✓ Economic Development Plan ✓ Historic Preservation Plan ✓ Flood Damage Prevention ✓ ✓ Ordinance Zoning Ordinance ✓ ✓ ✓ Subdivision Ordinance ✓ ✓ ✓ Unified Development Ordinance ✓ Post-Disaster Redevelopment/Reconstruction Plan/Ordinance Building Code ✓ ✓ ✓ Fire Code ✓ ✓ ✓ National Flood Insurance ✓ ✓ Program(NFIP) NFIP Community Rating System * (CRS Program) A more detailed discussion on the jurisdictions' planning and regulatory capability follows. 7.32 Emergency Management Hazard mitigation is widely recognized as one of the five mission areas of emergency management.The other four phases include prevention, protection, response, and recovery. In reality, each phase is interconnected with hazard mitigation, as Figure 7.1 suggests. Opportunities to reduce potential losses through mitigation practices are most often implemented before disaster strikes, such as the elevation of flood prone structures or the continuous enforcement of policies that prevent and regulate development that is vulnerable to hazards due to its location, design, or other characteristics. Mitigation opportunities will also be presented during immediate preparedness or response activities, such as installing storm shutters in advance of a hurricane, and certainly during the long-term recovery and redevelopment process following a hazard event. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:4 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT FIGURE 7.1:THE FIVE MISSION AREAS OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Preparedness Goal Capabilities Prevention Protection Mitigation Response Recovery Mission Areas Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency Planning for each mission area is a critical part of a comprehensive emergency management program and a key to the successful implementation of hazard mitigation actions. As a result, the Capability Assessment Survey asked several questions across a range of emergency management plans in order to assess the participating jurisdictions'willingness to plan and their level of technical planning proficiency. Hazard Mitigation Plan:A hazard mitigation plan represents a community's blueprint for how it intends to reduce the impact of natural and human-caused hazards on people and the built environment. The essential elements of a hazard mitigation plan include a risk assessment, capability assessment, and mitigation strategy. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County has previously adopted a hazard mitigation plan. Both participating municipalities were included in this plan. Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA): A THIRA is a comprehensive risk assessment process that helps a community understand its risks and estimate capability requirements. Outputs of the THIRA process can inform a variety of disaster preparedness and emergency management efforts, including emergency operations planning, mutual aid agreements, and hazard mitigation planning. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County has completed a THIRA process. Both participating municipalities are in the process of conducting a THIRA process to improve their understanding of risks and the resources required to prepare for those risks. Disaster Recovery Plan:A disaster recovery plan serves to guide the physical,social, environmental, and economic recovery and reconstruction process following a disaster. In many instances, hazard mitigation principles and practices are incorporated into local disaster recovery plans with the intent of capitalizing on opportunities to break the cycle of repetitive disaster losses. Disaster recovery plans can also lead to the preparation of disaster redevelopment policies and ordinances to be enacted following a hazard event. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County has a disaster recovery plan in place. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:5 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Emergency Operations Plan: An emergency operations plan outlines responsibilities and the means by which resources are deployed during and following an emergency or disaster. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County maintains an emergency operations plan through the city-county Emergency Management Agency. ❖ The City of Blythe has also adopted a municipal-level emergency operations plan and the City of Hephzibah is in the process of developing one. Continuity of Operations Plan: A continuity of operations plan establishes a chain of command, line of succession, and plans for backup or alternate emergency facilities in case of an extreme emergency or disaster event. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County is in the process of adopting a continuity of operations plan. Flood Response Plan:A flood response plan establishes procedures for responding to a flood emergency including coordinating and facilitating resources to minimize the impacts of flood. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County maintains a flood response plan which includes "flood fight" procedures. ❖ The City of Hephzibah is in the process of developing a municipal-level flood response plan. Emergency Management Accreditation Program(EMAP): EMAP is the voluntary standards, assessment, and accreditation program for disaster preparedness programs. It provides emergency management programs the opportunity to be recognized for compliance with industry standards, to demonstrate accountability,and to focus attention on areas and issues where resources are needed. ❖ None of the counties or municipalities participating in this multi-jurisdictional plan has earned EMAP accreditation. However,they are all currently working toward becoming accredited. 7.3.3 General Planning The implementation of hazard mitigation activities often involves agencies and individuals beyond the emergency management profession. Stakeholders may include local planners, public works officials, economic development specialists, and others. In many instances, concurrent local planning efforts will help to achieve or complement hazard mitigation goals, even though they are not designed as such. Therefore, the Capability Assessment Survey also asked questions regarding general planning capabilities and the degree to which hazard mitigation is integrated into other on-going planning efforts in Augusta-Richmond County. Comprehensive Land Use Plan: A comprehensive land use plan establishes the overall vision for what a community wants to be and serves as a guide for future governmental decision making. Typically a comprehensive plan contains sections on demographic conditions, land use, transportation elements, and community facilities. Given the broad nature of the plan and its regulatory standing in many communities, the integration of hazard mitigation measures into the comprehensive plan can enhance the likelihood of achieving risk reduction goals,objectives,and actions. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:6 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT ❖ Augusta-Richmond County has adopted a county comprehensive plan. ❖ The City of Blythe and City of Hephzibah have each adopted a municipal comprehensive plan. Capital Improvements Plan: A capital improvements plan guides the scheduling of spending on public improvements. A capital improvements plan can serve as an important mechanism for guiding future development away from identified hazard areas. Limiting public spending in hazardous areas is one of the most effective long-term mitigation actions available to local governments. ❖ The Augusta-Richmond County Utilities Department maintains a capital improvement plan. The Augusta Regional Airport also has a capital improvement plan. ❖ The City of Hephzibah has a capital improvement plan in place. Historic Preservation Plan: A historic preservation plan is intended to preserve historic structures or districts within a community. An often overlooked aspect of the historic preservation plan is the assessment of buildings and sites located in areas subject to natural hazards and the identification of ways to reduce future damages. This may involve retrofitting or relocation techniques that account for the need to protect buildings that do not meet current building standards or are within a historic district that cannot easily be relocated out of harm's way. ❖ Although Augusta-Richmond County does not have a historic preservation plan in place, it has adopted a historic preservation ordinance and maintains a historic preservation commission. ❖ The City of Blythe has a historic preservation plan. Zoning Ordinance: Zoning represents the primary means by which land use is controlled by local governments.As part of a community's police power,zoning is used to protect the public health,safety, and welfare of those in a given jurisdiction that maintains zoning authority. A zoning ordinance is the mechanism through which zoning is typically implemented. Since zoning regulations enable municipal governments to limit the type and density of development, a zoning ordinance can serve as a powerful tool when applied in identified hazard areas. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County includes zoning regulations as part of its local comprehensive development ordinance. ❖ The City of Blythe and the City of Hephzibah have each adopted a standalone zoning ordinance. Subdivision Ordinance: A subdivision ordinance is intended to regulate the development of residential, commercial, industrial, or other uses, including associated public infrastructure, as land is subdivided into buildable lots for sale or future development. Subdivision design that accounts for natural hazards can dramatically reduce the exposure of future development. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County includes subdivision regulations as part of its local comprehensive development ordinance. ❖ The City of Blythe and the City of Hephzibah have each adopted a standalone subdivision ordinance. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:7 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Building Codes, Permitting, and Inspections: Building codes regulate construction standards. In many communities, permits and inspections are required for new construction. Decisions regarding the adoption of building codes (that account for hazard risk), the type of permitting process required both before and after a disaster, and the enforcement of inspection protocols all affect the level of hazard risk faced by a community. ❖ The Georgia Department of Community Affairs states that local jurisdictions may adopt their own local codes; however, in order to enforce it, the proposed amendment must have been submitted to the Department of Community Affairs for review. All of the participating jurisdictions have adopted a building code. The adoption and enforcement of building codes by local jurisdictions is routinely assessed through the Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule (BCEGS) program developed by the Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO)4 In George, the Department of Community Affairs assesses the building codes and provides the minimum requirements. In conducting the assessment, ISO collects information related to personnel qualification and continuing education as well as the number of inspections performed per day. This type of information combined with local building codes is used to determine a grade for that jurisdiction. The grades range from 1 to 10 with a BCEGS grade of 1 representing exemplary commitment to building code enforcement and a grade of 10 indicating less than minimum recognized protection. Specific BCEGS rating for the participating jurisdictions can be obtained by contacting the department for building inspections within that jurisdiction. 7.3.4 Floodplain Management Flooding represents the greatest natural hazard facing the nation. At the same time, the tools available to reduce the impacts associated with flooding are among the most developed when compared to other hazard-specific mitigation techniques. In addition to approaches that cut across hazards such as education, outreach, and the training of local officials, the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) contains specific regulatory measures that enable government officials to determine where and how growth occurs relative to flood hazards. Participation in the NFIP is voluntary for local governments; however, program participation is strongly encouraged by FEMA as a first step for implementing and sustaining an effective hazard mitigation program. It is therefore used as part of this assessment as a key indicator for measuring local capability. In order for a county or municipality to participate in the NFIP, they must adopt a local flood damage prevention ordinance that requires jurisdictions to follow established minimum building standards in the floodplain. These standards require that all new buildings and substantial improvements to existing buildings will be protected from damage by a 100-year flood event and that new development in the floodplain will not exacerbate existing flood problems or increase damage to other properties. A key service provided by the NFIP is the mapping of identified flood hazard areas. Once completed,the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs)are used to assess flood hazard risk, regulate construction practices, 'Participation in BCEGS is voluntary and may be declined by local governments if they do not wish to have their local building codes evaluated. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:8 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT and set flood insurance rates. FIRMs are an important source of information to educate residents, government officials,and the private sector about the likelihood of flooding in their community. Table 7.2 provides NFIP policy and claim information for each participating jurisdiction in Augusta- Richmond County. TABLE 7.2: NFIP POLICY AND CLAIM INFORMATION Current Date Joined NFIP Policies Insurance in Closed Total Payments Jurisdiction NFIP Effective Map in Force Force Claims to Date Date AUGUSTA-RICHMOND 03/04/80 07/18/11 1,041 $219,641,200 343 $3,305,029 COUNTY Blythe* Hephzibah 06/25/76 09/25/09(M) 2 $392,000 0 $0 *Community does not participate in the NFIP (M)—No Elevation Determined—All Zone A,C,and X Source:NFIP Community Status information as of 12/19/16;NFIP claims and policy information as of 10/31/16 All jurisdictions listed above that are participants in the NFIP will continue to comply with all required provisions of the program and will work to adequately comply in the future utilizing a number of strategies. For example, the jurisdictions will coordinate with GEMA and FEMA to develop maps and regulations related to special flood hazard areas within their jurisdictional boundaries and, through a consistent monitoring process, will design and improve their floodplain management program in a way that reduces the risk of flooding to people and property. As noted above, one jurisdiction is not a participant in the NFIP. The City of Blythe does not participate because it currently does not have any identified flood hazard areas within its jurisdiction, so many residents would be unlikely to purchase flood insurance. Community Rating System: An additional indicator of floodplain management capability is the active participation of local jurisdictions in the Community Rating System (CRS). The CRS is an incentive-based program that encourages counties and municipalities to undertake defined flood mitigation activities that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP by adding extra local measures to provide protection from flooding. All of the 18 creditable CRS mitigation activities are assigned a range of point values. As points are accumulated and reach identified thresholds, communities can apply for an improved CRS class rating. Class ratings, which range from 10 to 1, are tied to flood insurance premium reductions as shown in Table 7.3. As class rating improves (the lower the number the better), the percent reduction in flood insurance premiums for NFIP policyholders in that community increases. TABLE 7.3: CRS PREMIUM DISCOUNTS, BY CLASS CRS Class Premium Reduction 1 45% 2 40% 3 35% 4 30% Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:9 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Premium CRS Class Reduction 5 25% 6 20% 7 15% 8 10% 9 5% 10 0 Source:Federal Emergency Management Agency Community participation in the CRS is voluntary. Any community that is in full compliance with the rules and regulations of the NFIP may apply to FEMA for a CRS classification better than class 10. The CRS application process has been greatly simplified over the past several years based on community comments. Changes were made with the intent to make the CRS more user-friendly and make extensive technical assistance available for communities who request it. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County is currently in the process of joining the CRS.The program will be beneficial since there are 1,041 NFIP policies in force. Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance: A flood damage prevention ordinance establishes minimum building standards in the floodplain with the intent to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions. ❖ All communities participating in the NFIP are required to adopt a local flood damage prevention ordinance.Augusta-Richmond County and the City of Hephzibah participate in the NFIP and they both have adopted flood damage prevention regulations. Floodplain Management Plan: A floodplain management plan (or a flood mitigation plan) provides a framework for action regarding corrective and preventative measures to reduce flood-related impacts. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County has adopted a floodplain management plan. ❖ The City of Hephzibah is in the process of developing a floodplain management plan. Open Space Management Plan:An open space management plan is designed to preserve, protect, and restore largely undeveloped lands in their natural state and to expand or connect areas in the public domain such as parks, greenways, and other outdoor recreation areas. In many instances, open space management practices are consistent with the goals of reducing hazard losses,such as the preservation of wetlands or other flood-prone areas in their natural state in perpetuity. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County includes an open space management plan as part of its Recreation Master Plan. ❖ The City of Hephzibah has an open space management plan in place. Stormwater Management Plan: A stormwater management plan is designed to address flooding associated with stormwater runoff.The stormwater management plan is typically focused on design and Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:10 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT construction measures that are intended to reduce the impact of more frequently occurring minor urban flooding. ❖ Augusta-Richmond County has adopted a stormwater management ordinance. ❖ The City of Blythe and the City of Hephzibah have both also adopted a stormwater management ordinance. 7.3.5 Administrative and Technical Capability The ability of a local government to develop and implement mitigation projects, policies, and programs is directly tied to its ability to direct staff time and resources for that purpose. Administrative capability can be evaluated by determining how mitigation-related activities are assigned to local departments and if there are adequate personnel resources to complete these activities.The degree of intergovernmental coordination among departments will also affect administrative capability for the implementation and success of proposed mitigation activities. Technical capability can generally be evaluated by assessing the level of knowledge and technical expertise of local government employees, such as personnel skilled in using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze and assess community hazard vulnerability. The Capability Assessment Survey was used to capture information on administrative and technical capability through the identification of available staff and personnel resources. Table 7.4 provides a summary of the capability assessment results for Augusta-Richmond County with regard to relevant staff and personnel resources. A checkmark (✓) indicates the presence of a staff member(s) in that jurisdiction with the specified knowledge or skill. A dagger(t) indicates a county-level staff member(s) provides the specified knowledge or skill to that municipality. TABLE 7.4: RELEVANT STAFF/PERSONNEL RESOURCES p la— Zl— aco i O Z7.5 9 = p m Q. Staff/Personnel Resource ate " Planners with knowledge of land development/land ✓ ✓ management practices Engineers or professionals trained in construction practices ✓ ✓ related to buildings and/or infrastructure Planners or engineers with an understanding of natural and/or ✓ ✓ human-caused hazards Emergency Manager ✓ ✓ Floodplain Manager ✓ ✓ Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:11 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Z H 0 w =C7 = ai a av O ) ce Staff/Personnel Resource Land Surveyors ✓ Scientists familiar with the ✓ hazards of the community Staff with education or expertise to assess the ✓ �/ community's vulnerability to hazards Personnel skilled in GIS and/or ✓ ✓ Hazus Resource development staff or ✓ grant writers 7.3.6 Fiscal Capability The ability of a local government to take action is often closely associated with the amount of money available to implement policies and projects.This may take the form of outside grant funding awards or locally-based revenue and financing. The costs associated with mitigation policy and project implementation vary widely. In some cases, policies are tied primarily to staff time or administrative costs associated with the creation and monitoring of a given program. In other cases, direct expenses are linked to an actual project, such as the acquisition of flood-prone homes, which can require a substantial commitment from local,state,and federal funding sources. The Capability Assessment Survey was used to capture information on the jurisdictions' fiscal capability through the identification of locally available financial resources. Table 7.5 provides a summary of the results for Augusta-Richmond County with regard to relevant fiscal resources. A checkmark (✓) indicates that the given fiscal resource has previously been used to implement hazard mitigation actions. A dagger (t) indicates that the given fiscal resource is locally available for hazard mitigation purposes (including match funds for state and federal mitigation grant funds). TABLE 7.5: RELEVANT FISCAL RESOURCES H ZO Z C9 za Q U U m Fiscal Tool/Resource Capital Improvement ✓ t Programming Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:12 February 2017 1 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT Zr in Z -- a' u ° m ial 2 Fiscal Tool/Resource Community Development t t t Block Grants(CDBG) Special Purpose Taxes(or ✓ t taxing districts) Gas/Electric Utility Fees Water/Sewer Fees t t t Stormwater Utility Fees ✓ Development Impact Fees t General Obligation,Revenue, t t and/or Special Tax Bonds Partnering Arrangements or Intergovernmental ✓ t t Agreements Other:General fund revenue ✓ 7.3.7 Political Capability One of the most difficult capabilities to evaluate involves the political will of a jurisdiction to enact meaningful policies and projects designed to reduce the impact of future hazard events. Hazard mitigation may not be a local priority or may conflict with or be seen as an impediment to other goals of the community, such as growth and economic development. Therefore, the local political climate must be considered in designing mitigation strategies as it could be the most difficult hurdle to overcome in accomplishing their adoption and implementation. The Capability Assessment Survey was used to capture information on political capability of Augusta- Richmond County. Survey respondents were asked to evaluate the level of local political support for hazard mitigation and to identify general examples of local political capability, such as guiding development away from identified hazard areas, restricting public investments or capital improvements within hazard areas,or enforcing local development standards that go beyond minimum state or federal requirements(i.e., building codes,floodplain management,etc.). ❖ The current and future political climate for supporting and advancing future hazard mitigation strategies is moderate in Augusta-Richmond County, the City of Blyth, and the City of Hephzibah. ❖ There are several existing ordinances that address natural hazards or are related to hazard mitigation such as flood damage prevention, soil erosion and sediment control, stormwater management,zoning,and subdivision. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:13 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT 7.4 CONCLUSIONS ON LOCAL CAPABILITY In order to form meaningful conclusions on the assessment of local capability, a quantitative scoring methodology was designed and applied to the results of the Capability Assessment Survey. The maximum number of points possible (one, two, or three) was assigned to each plan, ordinance, program, or resource based on its relevance to hazard mitigation. If a plan, ordinance, program, or resource was under development or administered for a municipality by Augusta-Richmond County, one point became the highest score possible. The maximum total number of points possible under the scoring methodology is 86, and three categories were established to classify capability level as limited (0-24 points), moderate (25-49 points), or high (50-86 points). This methodology, further described in Appendix B,attempts to assess the overall level of capability of Augusta-Richmond County to implement hazard mitigation actions. The overall capability to implement hazard mitigation actions varies among the participating jurisdictions. For planning and regulatory capability,the jurisdictions range from limited to moderate to high. There is also some variation in the administrative and technical capability among the jurisdictions with the larger jurisdictions having greater staff and technical resources. Both municipalities are in the limited range for fiscal capability while Augusta-Richmond County has more funding resources available. Table 7.6 shows the results of the capability assessment using the designed scoring methodology. The capability score is based solely on the information provided by local officials in response to the Capability Assessment Survey. According to the assessment, the average local capability score for all jurisdictions is 45.0,which falls into the moderate capability ranking. TABLE 7.6:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT RESULTS Overall Capability Overall Capability Jurisdiction Score Rating AUGUSTA-RICHMOND 71 High COUNTY Blythe 22 Limited Hephzibah 42 Moderate As previously discussed, one of the reasons for conducting a Capability Assessment is to examine local capabilities to detect any existing gaps or weaknesses within ongoing government activities that could hinder proposed mitigation activities and possibly exacerbate community hazard vulnerability. These gaps or weaknesses have been identified for each jurisdiction in the tables found throughout this section. The participating jurisdictions used the Capability Assessment as part of the basis for the Mitigation Actions that are identified in Section 9; therefore, each jurisdiction addresses their ability to expand on and improve their existing capabilities through the identification of their Mitigation Actions. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:14 February 2017 SECTION 7:CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT 7.4.1 Linking the Capability Assessment with the Risk Assessment and the Mitigation Strategy The conclusions of the Risk Assessment and Capability Assessment serve as the foundation for the development of a meaningful hazard mitigation strategy. During the process of identifying specific mitigation actions to pursue, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team considered not only each jurisdiction's level of hazard risk, but also their existing capability to minimize or eliminate that risk. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 7:15 February 2017 SECTION MITIGATION STRATEGY This section of the Plan provides the blueprint for the participating jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County to follow in order to become less vulnerable to its identified hazards. It is based on general consensus of the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and the findings and conclusions of the Capability Assessment and Risk Assessment. It consists of the following five subsections: ❖ 8.1 Introduction ❖ 8.2 Mitigation Goals ❖ 8.3 Identification and Analysis of Mitigation Techniques ❖ 8.4 Selection of Mitigation Techniques for Augusta-Richmond County ❖ 8.5 Plan Update Requirement 8.1 INTRODUCTION The intent of the Mitigation Strategy is to provide Augusta-Richmond County with the goals that will serve as guiding principles for future mitigation policy and project administration, along with an analysis of mitigation techniques available to meet those goals and reduce the impact of identified hazards. It is designed to be comprehensive,strategic, and functional in nature: ❖ In being comprehensive, the development of the strategy includes a thorough review of all hazards and identifies extensive mitigation measures intended to not only reduce the future impacts of high risk hazards, but also to help the region achieve compatible economic, environmental, and social goals. ❖ In being strategic, the development of the strategy ensures that all policies and projects proposed for implementation are consistent with pre-identified, long-term planning goals. ❖ In being functional, each proposed mitigation action is linked to established priorities and assigned to specific departments or individuals responsible for their implementation with target completion deadlines.When necessary,funding sources are identified that can be used to assist in project implementation. The first step in designing the Mitigation Strategy includes the identification of mitigation goals. Mitigation goals represent broad statements that are achieved through the implementation of more specific mitigation actions.These actions include both hazard mitigation policies (such as the regulation of land in known hazard areas through a local ordinance) and hazard mitigation projects that seek to address specifically targeted hazard risks (such as the acquisition and relocation of a repetitive loss structure). The second step involves the identification, consideration, and analysis of available mitigation measures to help achieve the identified mitigation goals.This is a long-term, continuous process sustained through the development and maintenance of this Plan. Alternative mitigation measures will continue to be Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 8:1 February 2017 SECTION 8: MITIGATION STRATEGY considered as future mitigation opportunities are identified, as data and technology improve, as mitigation funding becomes available,and as this Plan is maintained over time. The third and last step in designing the Mitigation Strategy is the selection and prioritization of specific mitigation actions for Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities (provided separately in Section 9: Mitigation Action Plan). Each participating jurisdiction has its own Mitigation Action Plan (MAP) that reflects the needs and concerns of that jurisdiction.The MAP represents an unambiguous and functional plan for action and is considered to be the most essential outcome of the mitigation planning process. The MAP includes a prioritized listing of proposed hazard mitigation actions (policies and projects) for Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities to complete. Each action has accompanying information, such as those departments or individuals assigned responsibility for implementation, potential funding sources, and an estimated target date for completion. The MAP provides those departments or individuals responsible for implementing mitigation actions with a clear roadmap that also serves as an important tool for monitoring success or progress over time.The cohesive collection of actions listed in the MAP can also serve as an easily understood menu of mitigation policies and projects for those local decision makers who want to quickly review the recommendations and proposed actions of the Hazard Mitigation Plan. In preparing each Mitigation Action Plan for Augusta-Richmond County, officials considered the overall hazard risk and capability to mitigate the effects of hazards as recorded through the risk and capability assessment process, in addition to meeting the adopted mitigation goals and unique needs of the community. 8.1.1 Mitigation Action Prioritization Prioritization of the proposed mitigation actions was based on the following six factors: ❖ Effect on overall risk to life and property ❖ Ease of implementation ❖ Political and community support ❖ A general economic cost/benefit review' ❖ Funding availability ❖ Continued compliance with the NFIP The point of contact for each jurisdiction helped coordinate the prioritization process by reviewing each action and working with the lead agency/department responsible to determine a priority for each action using the six factors listed above. I Only a general economic cost/benefit review was considered by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team through the process of selecting and prioritizing mitigation actions.Mitigation actions with"high"priority were determined to be the most cost effective and most compatible with the participating jurisdictions'unique needs.Actions with a"moderate"priority were determined to be cost-effective and compatible with jurisdictional needs,but may be more challenging to complete administratively or fiscally than"high"priority actions.Actions with a"low"priority were determined to be important community needs,but the community likely identified several potential challenges in terms of implementation(e.g.lack of funding,technical obstacles).A more detailed cost/benefit analysis will be applied to particular projects prior to the application for or obligation of funding,as appropriate. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 8:2 February 2017 SECTION 8: MITIGATION STRATEGY Using these criteria, actions were classified as high, moderate, or low priority by the participating jurisdiction officials. 8.2 MITIGATION GOALS 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(3)(i):The mitigation strategy shall include a description of mitigation goals to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerabilities to the identified hazards. The primary goal of all local governments is to promote the public health, safety, and welfare of its citizens. In keeping with this standard, Augusta-Richmond County has developed five goal statements for local hazard mitigation planning. In developing these goals, the previous hazard mitigation plan was reviewed to determine if the goals remained applicable. The project consultant reviewed the goals and objectives from the existing plan. Many of the goals and objectives were similar and,therefore, revised goals were formulated based on commonalities found between them.Table 8.1 provides a listing of the existing mitigation goals from the previous hazard mitigation plan. TABLE 8.1: EXISTING MITIGATION GOALS Goal Goal 1 To minimize losses of life and property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to tornado/windstorms/hail. Goal 2 To minimize losses of life and property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to the riverine and localized flooding. To minimize losses of life and property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond Goal 3 County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to the effects of drought and extreme heat. Goal 4 To minimize losses of life and property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to effects of severe winter storms. Goal 5 To minimize losses of life and property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to effects of wildfire. Goal 6 To minimize losses of life and property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to effects of earthquakes. Analyze the impacts of current policies,ordinances,and plans in Augusta-Richmond County Goal 7 and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah on community safety from natural hazard risks due to growth decisions. As a result of reviewing the existing goals and objectives,five proposed revised goals were presented to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team for their consideration. The proposed goals were presented, reviewed, voted on, and accepted by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team at their second meeting. Each goal, purposefully broad in nature, serves to establish parameters that were used in developing mitigation actions. The Augusta-Richmond County Mitigation Goals are presented in Table 8.2. Consistent implementation of actions over time will ensure that community goals are achieved. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 8:3 February 2017 SECTION 8: MITIGATION STRATEGY TABLE 8.2:AUGUSTA-RICHMOND COUNTY MITIGATION GOALS Goal Goal 1 Minimize losses of life,property,and other economic losses in Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah due to natural and technological hazards. Goal 2 Increase resilience of building stock,critical infrastructure,and essential facilities(including shelters)to the effects of natural and technological hazards. Goal 3 Increase level of protection to local population and economy from the effects of natural and technological hazards. Goal 4 Increase public awareness of the effects of natural and technological hazards. Goal 5 Ensure local policies,ordinances,and plans support community safety and minimize hazard risks due to growth decisions. 8.3 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(3)(ii):The mitigation strategy shall include a section that identifies and analyzes a comprehensive range of specific mitigation actions and projects being considered to reduce the effect of each hazard,with particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure. In formulating the Mitigation Strategy for Augusta-Richmond County, a wide range of activities were considered in order to help achieve the established mitigation goals, in addition to addressing any specific hazard concerns. These activities were discussed during the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team meetings. In general, all activities considered by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team can be classified under one of the following six broad categories of mitigation techniques: Prevention, Property Protection, Natural Resource Protection, Structural Projects, Emergency Services,and Public Awareness and Education.These are discussed in detail below. 8.3.1 Prevention Preventative activities are intended to keep hazard problems from getting worse, and are typically administered through government programs or regulatory actions that influence the way land is developed and buildings are built. They are particularly effective in reducing a community's future vulnerability,especially in areas where development has not occurred or capital improvements have not been substantial. Examples of preventative activities include: ❖ Planning and zoning ❖ Building codes ❖ Open space preservation ❖ Floodplain regulations ❖ Stormwater management regulations ••• Drainage system maintenance ❖ Capital improvements programming ❖ Riverine/fault zone setbacks Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 8:4 February 2017 SECTION 8: MITIGATION STRATEGY 8.3.2 Property Protection Property protection measures involve the modification of existing buildings and structures to help them better withstand the forces of a hazard, or removal of the structures from hazardous locations. Examples include: ••• Acquisition ❖ Relocation ❖ Building elevation ❖ Critical facilities protection ❖ Retrofitting(e.g.,windproofing,floodproofing,seismic design techniques,etc.) ❖ Safe rooms,shutters,shatter-resistant glass ❖ Insurance 8.3.3 Natural Resource Protection Natural resource protection activities reduce the impact of natural hazards by preserving or restoring natural areas and their protective functions. Such areas include floodplains, wetlands, steep slopes, and sand dunes. Parks, recreation, or conservation agencies and organizations often implement these protective measures. Examples include: ❖ Floodplain protection ••• Watershed management ❖ Riparian buffers ❖ Forest and vegetation management(e.g.,fire resistant landscaping,fuel breaks,etc.) ••• Erosion and sediment control ❖ Wetland preservation and restoration ••• Habitat preservation ❖ Slope stabilization 8.3.4 Structural Projects Structural mitigation projects are intended to lessen the impact of a hazard by modifying the environmental natural progression of the hazard event through construction.They are usually designed by engineers and managed or maintained by public works staff. Examples include: ••• Reservoirs ❖ Dams/levees/dikes/floodwalls ••• Diversions/detention/retention ••• Channel modification •:• Storm sewers Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 8:5 February 2017 SECTION 8: MITIGATION STRATEGY 8.3.5 Emergency Services Although not typically considered a "mitigation" technique, emergency service measures do minimize the impact of a hazard event on people and property. These commonly are actions taken immediately prior to,during,or in response to a hazard event. Examples include: ••• Warning systems ❖ Evacuation planning and management ❖ Emergency response training and exercises ❖ Sandbagging for flood protection ❖ Installing temporary shutters for wind protection 8.3.6 Public Education and Awareness Public education and awareness activities are used to advise residents, elected officials, business owners, potential property buyers, and visitors about hazards, hazardous areas, and mitigation techniques they can use to protect themselves and their property. Examples of measures to educate and inform the public include: ❖ Outreach projects ••• Speaker series/demonstration events ❖ Hazard map information ••• Real estate disclosure ❖ Library materials ❖ School children educational programs ❖ Hazard expositions 8.4 SELECTION OF MITIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR AUGUSTA- RICHMOND COUNTY In order to determine the most appropriate mitigation techniques for the communities in Augusta- Richmond County, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team thoroughly reviewed and considered the findings of the Capability Assessment and Risk Assessment to determine the best activities for their respective communities. Other considerations included the effect of each mitigation action on overall risk to life and property, its ease of implementation, its degree of political and community support, its general cost-effectiveness,and funding availability(if necessary). 8.5 PLAN UPDATE REQUIREMENT In keeping with FEMA requirements for plan updates, the Mitigation Actions identified in the previous plan were evaluated to determine their 2017 implementation status. Updates on the implementation status of each action are provided. The mitigation actions provided in Section 9: Mitigation Action Plan include the mitigation actions from the previous plans as well as any new mitigation actions proposed through the 2017 planning process. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 8:6 February 2017 9 SECTION MITIGATION ACTION PLAN This section includes the listing of the mitigation actions proposed by the participating jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County. It consists of the following two subsections: ❖ 9.1 Overview ❖ 9.2 Mitigation Action Plans 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(3)(iii):The mitigation strategy shall include an action plan describing how the actions identified in paragraph(c)(2)(ii)of this section will be prioritized,implemented,and administered by the local jurisdiction. 9.1 OVERVIEW As described in the previous section, the Mitigation Action Plan, or MAP, provides a functional plan of action for each jurisdiction. It is designed to achieve the mitigation goals established in Section 8: Mitigation Strategy and will be maintained on a regular basis according to the plan maintenance procedures established in Section 10:Plan Maintenance. Each proposed mitigation action has been identified as an effective measure (policy or project) to reduce hazard risk for Augusta-Richmond County. Each action is listed in the MAP in conjunction with background information such as hazard(s) addressed and relative priority. Other information provided in the MAP includes potential funding sources to implement the action should funding be required (not all proposed actions are contingent upon funding). Most importantly, implementation mechanisms are provided for each action, including the designation of a lead agency or department responsible for carrying the action out as well as a timeframe for its completion. These implementation mechanisms ensure that the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan remains a functional document that can be monitored for progress over time. The proposed actions are not listed in priority order, though each has been assigned a priority level of "high," "moderate," or "low" as described below and in Section 8(page 8.2). The Mitigation Action Plan is organized by mitigation strategy category(Prevention, Property Protection, Natural Resource Protection, Structural Projects, Emergency Services, or Public Education and Awareness).The following are the key elements described in the Mitigation Action Plan: ❖ Hazard(s)Addressed—Hazard which the action addresses. ❖ Relative Priority—High, moderate,or low priority as assigned by the jurisdiction. ❖ Lead Agency/Department—Department responsible for undertaking the action. ❖ Potential Funding Sources—Local, State, or Federal sources of funds are noted here, where applicable. ❖ Implementation Schedule—Date by which the action the action should be completed. More information is provided when possible. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 9:1 February 2017 SECTION 9: MITIGATION ACTION PLAN ❖ Implementation Status (2017)—Indication of completion, progress, deferment, or no change since the previous plan. If the action is new,that will be noted here. 9.2 MITIGATION ACTION PLANS The mitigation actions proposed by each of the participating jurisdictions are listed in 11 individual MAPs on the following pages.Table 9.1 shows the location of each jurisdiction's MAP within this section as well as the number of mitigation actions proposed by each jurisdiction. TABLE 9.1: INDIVIDUAL MAP LOCATIONS Location Page Number of Mitigation Actions Augusta-Richmond County 9:3 29 Blyth 9:16 12 Hephzibah 9:20 12 Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 9:2 February 2017 C_ M C H m °� •° 1� N 2 F, ''1 N N N Cc - m c v a) L 0 Ev ,°- Q c a +' y o m o m CL .m-, 4-, i J-' N c a C n C CO cu 0 CU W 00 O N a t-, a+ N I` O - a C 0 � 0) C .--1 '--1 N C v TS 0 O E L 0 N N co U Ca an C u �s- til � p CZ o0 co 3 v o fib = a+ D T m ,/, R w L - Y -o N to c c C LL o go EE m -o m ua) OD O ' w C C 3L { cO Oo.NU N .fl ., Q a Ecu -C E v m c a) c 0 3 O ° Q 00mLL U cu _c >• a-, O _ C O L m 00'C -D 00 c C 7, m u v _c a' ° c o 3 m cn .° c u - c 0o c N E C U >j t..i p C m L o N DD C 3 0 J (CO -0 0) C C •D Q c ° a 0001 . O 2 Oo 2 7. 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H 0 N O O Q C V C p L 40-- a) L f0 0 Y N O a'-' -C Q C a7 p'0 i) c F. 61) ,° (-20 ,5C —c ' n 3 " 0 0 c M E CI n o c a a D .0 o' a) `° CUMC c O y c pay co y m uvi 3 w COLO u p E w 2 c m v LL v ns v « s V N YCU c p L L O C H m �,., a) O '— O a) L h C ca U O 1-4 0+ a) to 3 E )o t o , t w v c `w a) 7 H n7 Q a, u t o v U Yp p0 E u �y.) N a+ _ O Y of QI W +•+ .. O "O c ' L .� c Q Z co . L O C y C C a) g o m 00) O — O C a) N O j 'a) O a) C .c 2 C O CS 3 7 Y U ns f0 0 I . U 3 in U 3 Y a) C 2 OO m 0_ C Y 0_V) f0 U W , 0. y 0 UC WA CV (In 0 40 H OQ Q E4. *'' It w w u a a Q SECTION 10 PLAN MAINTENANCE This section discusses how the Augusta-Richmond County Mitigation Strategy and Mitigation Action Plan will be implemented and how the Hazard Mitigation Plan will be evaluated and enhanced over time.This section also discusses how the public will continue to be involved in a sustained hazard mitigation planning process. It consists of the following three subsections: ❖ 10.1 Monitoring and Evaluating the Previous Plan ❖ 10.2 Implementation and Integration ❖ 10.3 Monitoring, Evaluation,and Enhancement ❖ 10.4 Continued Public Involvement 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part201.6(c)(4)(i): The plan shall include a plan maintenance process that includes a section describing the method and schedule of monitoring,evaluating and updating the mitigation plan within a five-year cycle. 44 CFR Part 201.6(c)(4)(11): The plan maintenance process shall include a process by which local governments incorporate the requirements of the mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate. 10.1 MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE PREVIOUS PLAN Since the previous plan was adopted, each jurisdiction has worked to ensure that mitigation was integrated into local activities and that the mitigation plan was appropriately implemented. The participants jointly outlined a process in the previous mitigation plan for monitoring and evaluating the plan throughout the interim period between plan updates. All participants were ultimately successful in implementing the monitoring and evaluation processes that were outlined in previous plan as all participating jurisdictions participated in annual meetings to discuss the mitigation plan and the priorities that were outlined in it. The specific process is outlined below with an explanation of how the monitoring and evaluating process was carried out as well as any changes that were identified that would be useful to implement during the next update. Augusta-Richmond County The Augusta-Richmond County and the Cities of Blythe and Hephzibah Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan included a review process and progress report on the plan. The Augusta-Richmond County Planning Commission and the Augusta Emergency Management Agency were charged with monitoring the plan and mitigation activities and preparing annual progress reports. Meetings held between the Emergency Management Agency, community stakeholders, and the agencies assigned lead functions reported on the status of implementation, including obstacles to progress and recommended solutions. Reports were compiled into a single document and submitted to the Georgia Emergency Management Agency and all stakeholders. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 10:1 February 2017 SECTION 10: PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES In addition to the annual report, a meeting was convened after damage-causing natural hazard events to review the effects of the hazard events. These after action reports were incorporated into the community LEOP and supporting response functions. Based on evaluation of those effects, adjustments to the mitigation actions and priorities were made and additional event-specific actions identified for inclusion in the Joint Comprehensive Plan Short Term Work Program, Flood Mitigation Plan, Capital Improvements Plan,and Green Space Program. Although there were some minor revisions made to the plan during the interim update period, there were few major revisions identified during this time and the HMP planning team generally agreed that the plan was on course and that the monitoring and evaluating process itself was sufficient to ensure implementation of the plan. The planning team noted that while reporting was done on the progress of the plan through the interim review period on a bi-annual basis. The HMP planning team met following an event that occurred and a noted deficiency was the failure of the team to meet on an annual basis and discuss any needed updates to the plan. The HMP planning team will meet in the future on an annual basis as well as after an emergency event to implement any changes. 10.2 IMPLEMENTATION AND INTEGRATION Each agency, department, or other partner participating under the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan is responsible for implementing specific mitigation actions as prescribed in the Mitigation Action Plan. Every proposed action listed in the Mitigation Action Plan is assigned to a specific "lead" agency or department in order to assign responsibility and accountability and increase the likelihood of subsequent implementation. In addition to the assignment of a local lead department or agency, an implementation time period or a specific implementation date has been assigned in order to assess whether actions are being implemented in a timely fashion. When applicable, potential funding sources have been identified for proposed actions listed in the Mitigation Action Plan. The participating jurisdictions will integrate this Hazard Mitigation Plan into relevant government decision-making processes or mechanisms,where feasible.This includes integrating the requirements of the Hazard Mitigation Plan into other local planning documents, processes, or mechanisms, such as comprehensive or capital improvement plans, when appropriate. The members of the Augusta- Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team will remain charged with ensuring that the goals and mitigation actions of new and updated local planning documents for their agencies or departments are consistent, or do not conflict with, the goals and actions of the Hazard Mitigation Plan, and will not contribute to increased hazard vulnerability in Augusta-Richmond County. Since the previous plan was adopted, each jurisdiction has worked to integrate the hazard mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms where applicable/feasible. Examples of how this integration has occurred have been documented in the Implementation Status discussion provided for each of the mitigation actions found in Section 9. Specific examples of how integration has occurred include: ❖ Integrating the mitigation plan into reviews and updates of floodplain management ordinances; Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 10:2 February 2017 SECTION 10: PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES ❖ Integrating the mitigation plan into reviews and updates of emergency operations plans; ❖ Integrating the mitigation plan into review and updates of building codes;and ❖ Integrating the mitigation plan into capital improvements plans through the identification of mitigation actions that require local funding Opportunities to further integrate the requirements of this Plan into other local planning mechanisms shall continue to be identified through future meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and the review process described herein. Although it is recognized that there are many possible benefits to integrating components of this Plan into other local planning mechanisms, the development and maintenance of this stand-alone Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan is deemed by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team to be the most effective and appropriate method to implement local hazard mitigation actions at this time. 10.3 MONITORING, EVALUATION,AND ENHANCEMENT Periodic revisions and updates of the Hazard Mitigation Plan are required to ensure that the goals of the Plan are kept current, taking into account potential changes in hazard vulnerability and mitigation priorities. In addition, revisions may be necessary to ensure that the Plan is in full compliance with applicable federal and state regulations. Periodic evaluation of the Plan will also ensure that specific mitigation actions are being reviewed and carried out according to the Mitigation Action Plan. The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team shall meet once every year to evaluate the progress attained and to revise, where needed, the activities set forth in the Plan. This meeting shall be held in the month upon which final plan approval is attained, however, it may be necessary to schedule in the month prior or after in any given year, depending on the schedules of local officials. The findings and recommendations of the Planning Team will be documented in the form of a report that can be shared with interested cities,the county,and other stakeholders.The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team will also meet following any disaster events warranting a reexamination of the mitigation actions being implemented or proposed for future implementation. This will ensure that the Plan is continuously updated to reflect changing conditions and needs within Augusta-Richmond County. The Augusta- Richmond County Disaster Preparedness Coordinator will be responsible for reconvening the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team for these reviews. Five Year Plan Review The Plan will be thoroughly reviewed by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team every five years to determine whether there have been any significant changes in Augusta-Richmond County that may, in turn, necessitate changes in the types of mitigation actions proposed. New development in identified hazard areas, an increased exposure to hazards,an increase or decrease in capability to address hazards, and changes to federal or state legislation are examples of factors that may affect the necessary content of the Plan. The plan review provides Augusta-Richmond County/municipal officials with an opportunity to evaluate those actions that have been successful and to explore the possibility of documenting potential losses avoided due to the implementation of specific mitigation measures. The plan review also provides the opportunity to address mitigation actions that may not have been successfully implemented as assigned. The Augusta-Richmond County Disaster Preparedness Coordinator will be responsible for reconvening the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and conducting the five-year review. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 10:3 February 2017 SECTION 10: PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES During the five-year plan review process, the following questions will be considered as criteria for assessing the effectiveness and appropriateness of the Plan: ❖ Do the goals address current and expected conditions? ❖ Has the nature or magnitude of risks changed? ❖ Are the current resources appropriate for implementing the Plan? ❖ Are there implementation problems, such as technical, political, legal, or coordination issues with other agencies? ••• Have the outcomes occurred as expected? ❖ Did city/county departments participate in the plan implementation process as assigned? Following the five-year review, any revisions deemed necessary will be summarized and implemented according to the reporting procedures and plan amendment process outlined herein. Upon completion of the review and update/amendment process, the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan will be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at the Georgia Emergency Management Agency (GEMA)for final review and approval in coordination with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Because the plan update process can take several months to complete, and because Federal funding may be needed to update the plan, it is recommended that the five-year review process begin at the beginning of the third year after the plan was last approved. This will allow the participants in the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan to organize in order to seek Federal funding if necessary and complete required plan update documentation before the plan expires at the end of the fifth year. Disaster Declaration Following a disaster declaration,the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan will be revised as necessary to reflect lessons learned, or to address specific issues and circumstances arising from the event. It will be the responsibility of the Augusta-Richmond County Disaster Preparedness Coordinator to reconvene the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team and ensure the appropriate stakeholders are invited to participate in the plan revision and update process following declared disaster events. Reporting Procedures The results of the five-year review will be summarized by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team in a report that will include an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Plan and any required or recommended changes or amendments.The report will also include an evaluation of implementation progress for each of the proposed mitigation actions, identifying reasons for delays or obstacles to their completion along with recommended strategies to overcome them. Plan Amendment Process Upon the initiation of the amendment process, representatives from Augusta-Richmond County and the participating municipalities will forward information on the proposed change(s) to all interested parties including, but not limited to, all directly affected departments, residents, and businesses. Information will also be forwarded to the Georgia Emergency Management Agency. This information will be Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 10:4 February 2017 SECTION 10: PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES disseminated in order to seek input on the proposed amendment(s)for no less than a 45-day review and comment period. At the end of the 45-day review and comment period, the proposed amendment(s) and all comments will be forwarded to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team for final consideration. The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team will review the proposed amendment along with the comments received from other parties, and if acceptable, the committee will submit a recommendation for the approval and adoption of changes to the Plan. In determining whether to recommend approval or denial of a Plan amendment request, the following factors will be considered by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team: ❖ There are errors, inaccuracies, or omissions made in the identification of issues or needs in the Plan. ❖ New issues or needs have been identified which are not adequately addressed in the Plan. ❖ There has been a change in information, data, or assumptions from those on which the Plan is based. Upon receiving the recommendation from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team, and prior to adoption of the Plan, the participating jurisdictions will hold a public hearing. The governing bodies of each participating jurisdiction will review the recommendation from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (including the factors listed above) and any oral or written comments received at the public hearing. Following that review,the governing bodies will take one of the following actions: ❖ Adopt the proposed amendments as presented; ❖ Adopt the proposed amendments with modifications; ❖ Refer the amendments request back to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team for further revision;or ❖ Defer the amendment request back to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team for further consideration and/or additional hearings. Incorporation into Existing Planning Documents The Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team intends to make available to all of Augusta-Richmond County and its municipalities a process by which the requirements of this hazard mitigation plan will be incorporated into other plans. During the planning process for new and updated local planning documents, such as a comprehensive plan, capital improvements plan, or emergency management plan to name a few examples,the Emergency Management Agency will provide a copy of the hazard mitigation plan to the advisory committee of each relevant planning document. The Emergency Management Agency will advise the advisory committee members to ensure that all goals and strategies of new and updated local planning documents are consistent with the hazard mitigation plan and will not increase hazards in the jurisdictions. This process will be carried out for each of the planning documents described in Section 7: Capability Assessment of this document. It should also be noted that the jurisdictions within the county are participants in the county-level version of each type of plan and do not have stand-alone jurisdictional plans of their own. Therefore, when the Emergency Management Agency shares and advises on the Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 10:5 February 2017 SECTION 10: PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES hazard mitigation plan, they are acting on behalf of the municipalities. It should be further noted that due to the smaller size of the municipalities, municipal representatives of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team are often the same person who participates in the update of comprehensive plans, zoning ordinances, and other planning documents. As such, much of the engrained knowledge these officials have gained from participating in the hazard mitigation planning process is transferred to these processes. Therefore, each municipality's process for integrating the hazard mitigation plan into other planning mechanisms is the same as the county level process because these planning mechanisms are carried out as countywide plans or ordinances and each community's stake in each process is intricately linked. 10.4 CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT 44 CFR Requirement 44 CFR Part 201.6(t)(4)(iii): The plan maintenance process shall include a discussion on how the community will continue public participation in the plan maintenance process. Public participation is an integral component to the mitigation planning process and will continue to be essential as this Plan evolves over time. As described above, significant changes or amendments to the Plan shall require a public hearing prior to any adoption procedures. Other efforts to involve the public in the maintenance, evaluation, and revision process will also be made.These efforts include: ❖ Advertising meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team in local newspapers, public bulletin boards,and/or city/county and municipal office buildings; ❖ Designating willing and voluntary citizens and private sector representatives as official members of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team; ❖ Utilizing local media to update the public on any maintenance and/or periodic review activities taking place; ❖ Utilizing the websites of participating jurisdictions to advertise any maintenance and/or periodic review activities taking place; and ❖ Keeping copies of the Plan in public libraries. Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan 10:6 February 2017 Appendix A Plan Adoption This appendix includes the final approval letter and local adoption resolutions for each of the participating jurisdictions. Appendix Planning Tools This appendix includes the following: 1. List of Recommended Stakeholders 2. Blank Public Survey 3. GIS Data Inventory Sheet 4. Blank Capability Assessment Survey 5. Scoring Criteria for Capability Assessment 6. Blank Mitigation Action Worksheet 7. Plan Update Evaluation Worksheet Worksheet #1 Build the Planning Team step pl In establishing a planning team,you want to ensure that you have a broad range of backgrounds and experiences represented.Below are some suggestions for agencies to include in a planning team. There are many organizations, both governmental and community-based, that should be included when creating a local team.In addition, state organizations can be included on local teams, when appropriate, to serve as a source of information and to provide guidance and coordination. Use the checklist as a starting point for forming your team. Check the boxes beside any individuals or organizations that you have in your community/state that you believe should be included on your planning team so you can follow up with them. Task A.Create the planning team—Suggestions for team members.Date: Local/Tribal State ❑ Administrator/Manager's Office Adjutant General's Office (National Guard) • Budget/Finance Office ❑ Board of Education El Building Code Enforcement Office Building Code Office • City/County Attorney's Office Climatologist ❑ Economic Development Office ❑ Earthquake Program Manager ❑ Emergency Preparedness Office ❑ Economic Development Office ❑ Fire and Rescue Department 0 Emergency Management Office/State Hazard Mitigation Officer ❑ Hospital Management ❑ Environmental Protection Office ❑ Local Emergency Planning Committee ❑ Fire Marshal's Office ❑ Planning and Zoning Office ❑ Geologist ❑ Police/Sheriff's Department ❑ Homeland Security Coordinator's Office • Public Works Department Housing Office ❑ Sanitation Department L Hurricane Program Manager O School Board ❑ Insurance Commissioner's Office Transportation Department National Flood Insurance Program Coordinator ❑ Tribal Leaders ❑ Natural Resources Office Special Districts and Authorities Li Planning Agencies ❑ Airport and Seaport Authorities ❑ Police ❑ Business Improvement District(s) 0 Public Health Office ❑ Fire Control District Public Information Office ❑ Flood Control District ❑ Tourism Department • Redevelopment Agencies Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) ❑ Regional/Metropolitan Planning Organization(s) ❑ American Red Cross School District(s) 0 Chamber of Commerce O Transit/Transportation Agencies 0 Community/Faith-Based Organizations Others ❑ Environmental Organizations • Architectural/Engineering/Planning Firms Homeowners Associations ❑ Citizen Corps Neighborhood Organizations • Colleges/Universities 0 Private Development Agencies ❑ Land Developers Utility Companies Major Employers/Businesses Other Appropriate NGOs Professional Associations O Retired Professionals PUBLIC PARTICIPATION SURVEY FOR HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE We need your help! Please take a few minutes to complete this survey. The City of Augusta-Richmond County is working together to become less vulnerable to natural hazards, such as winter storms, tornadoes, and floods, as well as man-made hazards, including nuclear plant incidents and terrorism,and your participation is important to us! The City-County, along with local jurisdictions and other partners, are working to prepare a multi jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. This Plan will identify and assess our community's natural and man-made hazard risks and determine how to best mitigate,or minimize and manage,those risks. This survey is an opportunity for you to share your opinions and participate in the mitigation planning process. The information you provide will help us better understand your hazard concerns and can lead to mitigation activities that should help lessen the impacts of future hazard events. Please help us by completing this survey by September 5,2016 and returning it to: Margaret Walton,Atkins 1616 E Millbrook Road, Suite 310 Raleigh,NC 27609 Surveys can also be faxed to: (919) 876-6848 do Margaret Walton or scanned and emailed to: Margaret Walton at margaret.walton(datkinsglobal.com. If you have any questions regarding this survey or would like to learn about more ways you can participate in the development of the City of Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Update, please contact Atkins, the planning consultant for the project. You may reach Margaret Walton(Atkins) at(803) 622-4142 or by email at margaret.waltonAatkinsglobal.com. 1. Where do you live? ❑ Unincorporated Richmond County ❑ City of Augusta ❑ City of Blythe ❑ City of Hephzibah ❑ Other: 2. Is your home located in a floodplain? ❑ Yes ❑ No ❑ I don't know 3. Do you have flood insurance for your home/personal property? ❑ Yes ❑ No ❑ I don't know a. If"No,"why not? ❑ Not located in floodplain ❑ Too expensive ❑ Not necessary because it never floods ❑ Not necessary because my property is elevated or otherwise protected ❑ Never really considered it ❑ Other(please explain): 4. Have you ever experienced or been impacted by a natural disaster or man-made incident? ❑ Yes ❑ No a. If`Yes,"please explain: 5. On a scale of 1 to 5, how concerned are you about the possibility of your community being impacted by a natural disaster or man-made incident? ❑ 1 —Not at all ❑ 2—Slightly ❑ 3—Moderately ❑ 4—Very ❑ 5—Extremely 6. Please select the three hazards you think pose the greatest concern to your community: ❑ Chemical Hazard ❑ Dam/Levee Failure ❑ Nuclear Plant Incident ❑ Drought ❑ Severe Winter Storm ❑ Earthquake ❑ Terrorism ❑ Extreme Heat ❑ Tornado ❑ Flooding ❑ Windstorm ❑ Hail ❑ Wildfire Page 2 of 5 7. Is there another hazard not listed above that you think is a wide-scale threat to your community? ❑ Yes(please explain): ❑ No 8. On a scale of 1 to 5, how prepared do you feel if a natural disaster or man-made incident were to occur? ❑ 1 —Not at all ❑ 2—Slightly ❑ 3—Moderately ❑ 4—Very ❑ 5—Extremely 9. Have you taken any actions to make your home, neighborhood, or family safer from hazards? ❑ Yes ❑ No a. If"Yes,"please explain: 10. Are you interested in making your home,neighborhood,or family safer from hazards? ❑ Yes ❑ No 11. On a scale of 1 to 5, how informed do you feel about the risks and potential impacts of natural disasters and man-made incidents? ❑ 1 —Not at all ❑ 2—Slightly ❑ 3—Moderately ❑ 4—Very ❑ 5—Extremely 12. Do you know which government department or agency to contact regarding your risks from hazards in your area? ❑ Yes ❑ No 13. Please select the way(s) you prefer to receive information about how to make your home,neighborhood,or family safer from hazards: ❑ Newspaper ❑ Television ❑ Radio ❑ Internet ❑ Social media ❑ Email ❑ Mail ❑ Public workshops/meetings ❑ School meetings ❑ Other(please explain): 14. Please select the way(s) you prefer to receive alerts or warnings about impending hazard events or dangerous conditions: ❑ Television ❑ Radio ❑ Landline phone ❑ Cell phone ❑ Text message ❑ Facebook ❑ Twitter ❑ Other(please explain): 15. In your opinion, what are some steps your local government could take to reduce the risk of future hazard damages in your community? Page 4 of 5 16. A number of community-wide activities can reduce vulnerability to hazards.In general, these activities fall into one of the following six broad categories. Please tell us how important you think each category is for your community to consider. ategc»y Very Somewhat Not Important .; Important imbortatt 1. Prevention Administrative or regulatory actions that influence the way land is developed and buildings are built. Examples include planning and zoning, building codes, open space preservation, and floodplain regulations. 2. Property Protection Actions that involve modification of existing buildings to protect them from a hazard or removal from the hazard area. Examples include acquisition, relocation, elevation, structural retrofits, and storm shutters. 3. Natural Resource Protection Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses, also preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. L3 Examples include floodplain protection, habitat preservation, slope stabilization, riparian buffers, and forest management. 4.Structural Projects Actions intended to lessen the impact of a hazard by modifying the natural progression of the hazard. Examples U include dams, levees, detention/retention basins,channel modification, retaining walls, and storm sewers. 5. Emergency Services Actions that protect people and property during and immediately after a hazard event. Examples include warning systems, evacuation planning, emergency response training, and protection of critical emergency facilities or systems. 6. Public Education and Awareness Actions to inform citizens about hazards and the techniques they can use to protect themselves and their property. Examples include outreach projects, school education programs, library materials, and demonstration events. THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION! Page 5 of 5 GIS Data Request Sheet Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Data requested Available? Received? Potential Sources Tax Parcel Data Tax Assessor including replacement value Building Footprints Tax Assessor/GIS office Critical Facilities(in GIS or list form with addresses) Tax Assessor/GIS office examples include: government buildings hospitals senior care police/fire/EMS/EOC locally significant buildings schools public works,natural Local hazard studies resources,planning examples include: Flood Studies(HEC-RAS,Risk MAP) Local Hazard History Articles Areas of Concern Studies If you have any questions,please contact: Ryan Wiedenman rvan.wiedenmanPgmail.com 919-431-5295 um 1 'tri 4 ,t it e i, lit v ti 1r 1 1 . to a l' 4 n ° '''' a; li ,..*,3N E r w a �u m..1 v ' m S m w d �' w z a !6 t m [ c ° 4a J 4 1 t i'll 1: Li i tt ii A HHI !Jfl cG w mO F wm ac o m w E .2 t dv z a F c v VQ V 1 yaNv m m Np C P © 7, j E o v v ° ° g do va 6 E. c 7cv 2 m dEmc ° °c I wo ° moa.12 p o flhI ! I m o.rm e c w 0 3 - zm v mk m m w o. 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Fiscal Capability (Up to 20 points) Yes-used to implement mitigation=2 points Yes-available=1 point No=0 points • Capital Improvement Programming • Community Development Block Grants(CDBG) • Special Purpose Taxes (or tax districts) • Gas/Electric Utility Fees • Water/Sewer Fees • Stormwater Utility Fees • Development Impact Fees • General Obligation/Revenue/Special Tax Bonds • Partnering arrangements or intergovernmental agreements • Other IV. Political Capability (Up to 3 points) High=3 point Moderate=2 points Limited=1 point • Degree of support by local elected officials in terms of adopting/funding mitigation MITIGATION ACTION WORKSHEETS Mitigation Action Worksheets are used to identify potential hazard mitigation actions that participating jurisdictions in Augusta-Richmond County will consider to reduce the negative effects of identified hazards. The worksheets provide a simple yet effective method of organizing potential actions in a user- friendly manner that can easily be incorporated into the Augusta-Richmond County's Hazard Mitigation Plan Update. The worksheets are to be used as part of a strategic planning process and are designed to be: a.) completed electronically(worksheets and instructions will be e-mailed to members of the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team following the Mitigation Strategy Workshop); b.) reviewed with your department/organization for further consideration;and c.) returned according to the contact information provided below. Please return all completed worksheets by December 2,2016 to: Margaret M.Walton, Project Manager, Atkins Electronic copies may be e-mailed to: margaret.walton@atkinsglobal.com Hard copies may be faxed to: 919.876.6848(Attn: Ryan Wiedenman) INSTRUCTIONS Each mitigation action should be considered to be a separate local project, policy or program and each individual action should be entered into a separate worksheet. By identifying the implementation requirements for each action, the worksheets will help lay the framework for engaging in distinct actions that will help reduce the community's overall vulnerability and risk. Detailed explanations on how to complete the worksheet are provided below. Proposed Action: Identify a specific action that, if accomplished, will reduce vulnerability and risk in the impact area. Actions may be in the form of local policies (i.e., regulatory or incentive-based measures), programs or structural mitigation projects and should be consistent with any pre-identified mitigation goals and objectives. Site and Location: Provide details with regard to the physical location or geographic extent of the proposed action, such as the location of a specific structure to be mitigated, whether a program will be citywide, countywide or regional, etc. History of Damages: Provide a brief history of any known damages as it relates to the proposed action and the hazard(s) being addressed. For example, the proposed elevation of a repetitive loss property should include an overview of the number of times the structure has flooded, total dollar amount of damages if available, etc. Hazard(s)Addressed: List the hazard(s)the proposed action is designed to mitigate against. Category: Indicate the most appropriate category for the proposed action as discussed during the Mitigation Strategy Workshop (Prevention; Property Protection; Natural Resource Protection; Structural Projects; Emergency Services; Public Education and Awareness). Priority: Indicate whether the action is a "high" priority, "moderate" priority or "low" priority based generally on the following criteria: 1. Effect on overall risk to life and property 2. Ease of implementation/technical feasibility 3. Project costs versus benefits 4. Political and community support 5. Funding availability Estimated Cost: If applicable, indicate what the total cost will be to accomplish this action. This amount will be an estimate until actual final dollar amounts can be determined. Some actions(such as ordinance revisions) may only cost"local staff time"and should be noted so. Potential Funding Sources: If applicable, indicate how the cost to complete the action will be funded. For example, funds may be provided from existing operating budgets or general funds, a previously established contingency fund, a cost-sharing federal or state grant program, etc. Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Identify the local agency, department or organization that is best suited to implement the proposed action. Implementation Schedule: Indicate when the action will begin and when the action is expected to be completed. Remember that some actions will require only a minimal amount of time, while others may require a long-term or continuous effort. Comments: This space is provided for any additional information or details that may not be captured under the previous headings. MITIGATION ACTION Proposed Action: w rt Site and Location: History of Damages: 1At ►'1 :AC`I ,. _ .. Hazard(s)Addressed: Category: Priority(High, Moderate, Low): Estimated Cost: Potential Funding Sources: Lead Agency/Department Responsible: Implementation Schedule: Worksheet 7.1 Mitigation Action Progress Report Form Mitigation Action Progress Report Form Progress Report Period From Date: To Date: Action/Project Title Responsible Agency Contact Name Contact Phone/Email Project Status ❑Project completed ❑Project canceled ❑Project on schedule ❑Anticipated completion date: ❑Project delayed Explain Summary of Project Progress for this Report Period 1.What was accomplished for this project during this reporting period? 2.What obstacles,problems,or delays did the project encounter? 3.If uncompleted,is the project still relevant?Should the project be changed or revised? 4.Other comments A-35 Worksheet 7.2 Plan Update Evaluaticn Worksheet Plan Update Evaluation Worksheet Plan Section Considerations Explanation Should new jurisdictions and/or districts be invited to participate in future plan updates? Have any internal or external agencies been invaluable to the mitigation strategy? Can any procedures(e.g.,meeting Planning announcements,plan updates)be Process done differently or more efficiently? Has the Planning Team undertaken any public outreach activities? How can public participation be improved? Have there been any changes in public support and/or decision-maker priorities related to hazard mitigation? Have jurisdictions adopted new policies,plans,regulations,or reports that could be incorporated into this plan? Are there different or additional administrative,human,technical, Capability and financial resources available for Assessment mitigation planning? Are there different or new education and outreach programs and resources available for mitigation activities? Has NFIP participation changed in the participating jurisdictions? Has a natural and/or technical or human-caused disaster occurred? Should the list of hazards addressed in the plan be modified? Are there new data sources and/or additional maps and studies available? If so,what are they and what have they revealed?Should the information be Risk incorporated into future plan updates? Assessment Do any new critical facilities or infrastructure need to be added to the asset lists? Have any changes in development trends occurred that could create additional risks? Are there repetitive losses and/or severe repetitive losses to document? A-37 IWorksheet 7.2 Plan Update Evaluation Worksheet Plan Section Considerations Explanation Is the mitigation strategy being implemented as anticipated?Were the cost and timeline estimates accurate? Should new mitigation actions be added to the Action Plan?Should existing mitigation actions be revised or eliminated from the plan? Mitigation Are there new obstacles that were not Strategy anticipated in the plan that will need to be considered in the next plan update? Are there new funding sources to consider? Have elements of the plan been incorporated into other planning mechanisms? Was the plan monitored and evaluated Plan as anticipated? Maintenance Procedures What are needed improvements to the procedures? A-38 Local Mitigation Planning Handbook Appendix C Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool Appendix Planning Process Documentation This appendix includes: 1. Meeting Agendas 2. Meeting Minutes 3. Meeting Sign-In Sheets 4. Meeting Notices 5. Public Survey Advertisements 6. Public Survey Results ATKINS G O [t G I A AGENDA City of Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Update August 5, 2016 12:30pm 1) Introductions 2) Overview of Mitigation Planning 3) Project Overview i) Planning Process ii) Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee iii) Project Schedule iv) Data Request 4) Roles and Responsibilities 5) Next Steps 6) Questions/Concerns ATKINS -��- G ` o R G I A AGENDA City of Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategy Meeting November 4, 2016 1) Introductions 2) Mitigation Refresher 3) Project Schedule 4) Risk Assessment Findings a) Hazard History and Profiles b) Conclusions on Risk: PRI 5) Capability Assessment Findings i) Indicators ii) Results 6) Public Involvement Activities 7) Mitigation Strategy i) Current Goals/Actions ii) New Actions iii) Discussion 8) Next Steps i) Mitigation Actions 9) Questions, Issues, or Concerns Meeting Minutes City of Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Update Kick-off Meeting August 5,2016 Chief Christopher James, Fire Chief for the City of Augusta-Richmond County, opened the meeting by introducing himself and the consultant, Atkins. He outlined the process for developing and updating a hazard mitigation plan. He stated that the County could potentially receive funding for having a completed hazard mitigation plan. Margaret Walton, Project Manager from the project consultant Atkins, led the meeting and began by providing an overview of the agenda items and briefly reviewed each of the handouts that were distributed in the meeting packets(agenda and presentation slides). She then asked each of the meeting attendees to introduce themselves. Following introductions,she provided a brief overview of the meeting agenda and the stages of the mitigation planning process that would be addressed through this plan. Ms. Walton emphasized that mitigation refers to actions (projects, policies, plans) to reduce the impacts of future hazard events. The hazard mitigation planning process looks at hazards, capability to conduct mitigation, and specific activities to reduce impacts of hazards. She explained how Federal legislation requires local governments to have a hazard mitigation plan in place to remain eligible for federal mitigation grants such as the Pre-Disaster Mitigation Grant Program, Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, and Flood Mitigation Assistance Program so there is funding to implement some of the actions that this plan may identify. Ms. Walton then laid out all of the mitigation techniques/categories that mitigation actions fall into. She walked through the PowerPoint presentation to outline various examples of each technique and began a discussion of projects that the County and participating jurisdictions might pursue. Following this discussion, Ms.Walton led an icebreaker exercise. She provided instructions to attendees on how to complete the exercise.Attendees were given an equal amount of fictitious FEMA money ($20 each) and asked to spend it in the various mitigation categories. Money could be thought of as grant money that communities received towards mitigation or areas that they feel are more of a priority. Given the windfall of financial resources, attendees target their money towards areas of mitigation that are of greatest concern. Ideally, the exercise helps pinpoint areas of mitigation that the community may want to focus on when developing mitigation grants. Ms. Walton explained that the results would be presented at the next Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee meeting. The results were: • Emergency Services-$139 • Prevention-$124 • Public Education and Awareness-$115 • Property Protection-$83 • Structural Projects-$65 • Natural Resource Protection-$39 Ms. Walton shared the objectives of the plan to include updating the document for Augusta-Richmond County, maintaining funding eligibility for the City/County and its two municipalities, initiate the Community Rating System (CRS) for the jurisdictions, potential projects identification, public education and awareness,and State and Federal compliance. Then she spent some time explaining the CRS program and the benefits of it for a community as well as the ways to capitalize on points to gain a better class for the community thereby reducing flood insurance premiums for citizens. Ms. Walton outlined the municipalities' roles in the processes and what would be needed to assist in developing the plan. The cycle of the project tasks were also shared and each phase was described to include the planning process and risk assessment. Ms. Walton explained that in the risk assessment portion of the plan development that FEMA requires that plans address natural hazards, but an all-hazards approach is becoming more prevalent. She shared the previous hazards that were identified in the plan and asked the group to possibly decide if there were additional hazards they would like to add to the list. Additional hazards that were suggested were cyberterrorism, utility failure, infectious disease, climate adaptation, and solar EMP. Some manmade/technological hazards were included in the previous hazard identification,but the vulnerability assessment focuses more on the natural hazards since more mitigation funding is available for natural hazards. Capability Assessment Ms. Walton explained the community capability assessment and discussed how capability is divided primarily into 3 categories: • Administrative • Technical • Fiscal Mitigation Strategy Ms. Walton discussed mitigation strategy and how it is developed. She stated that mitigation goals come from the existing plan and maybe adjusted and objectives may be added if the City/County desires to do that. The current mitigation actions will be updated as well with their status. However, all of the jurisdictions will need to develop new actions as well based on the risk assessment. She continued the presentation by discussing the necessary documentation for the planning process,the rapid project schedule,and the project team. Public Involvement Ms. Walton explained how public comment and participation is a required part of this process. A public survey was developed that the City/County will be placing on their website. The link will be shared electronically following the meeting and local academic institutions were asked to disseminate the survey as well. Next, Ms. Walton discussed the roles and responsibilities of all the parties involved as well as the expectations on the level of involvement. The Atkins team will provide technical assistance, data collection,facilitation, and plan preparation. The City/County and jurisdictions were asked to be active participants by assisting with data collection, public awareness, hosting committee meetings, mitigation strategy, plan feedback,and plan adoption. The next steps are to initiate data collection with the risk assessment and capability assessment. The floor was opened for questions and comments. Ms. Walton then adjourned the meeting Meeting Minutes City of Augusta-Richmond County Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategy Meeting—Augusta,SC November 4,2016 Chief Christopher James introduced himself and the project team from Atkins. He explained that this is a large part of our planning effort and appreciated everyone coming. Chief James then turned the meeting over to Ms. Walton,the project manager for Atkins. She asked who in the audience did not attend the previous meeting and asked them to introduce themselves. Individuals were from Emergency Management,Trinity Hospital, Electrolux,Augusta University,Augusta Utilities,Animal Services, Fire,City of Hephzibah, and Public Health. She mentioned that the meeting and presentation were informal and could be interrupted for any questions. Ms.Walton emphasized the importance of the potential funding for the participating jurisdictions and entities. Ryan Wiedenman led the next portion of the meeting regarding the risk assessment. He explained that the planning team worked together to build a list of potential hazards. Mr. Wiedenman with Atkins then presented the findings of the risk assessment. He stated that the risk assessment is the base of the mitigation plan and that we now have better data to update the hazard history. Mr. Wiedenman identified the three pieces of the risk assessment and the caveats for the risk assessment. He reviewed the Presidential Disaster Declarations that have impacted the region. He then explained the process for preparing Hazard Profiles and discussed how each hazard falls into one of four basic categories: Atmospheric, Hydrologic, Geologic, and Other. He indicated that each hazard must be evaluated and formally ruled out if it is not applicable to the study area, even where it seems obvious (such as in the case of landslide). Mr. Wiedenman reviewed the Hazard Profiles and the following bullets summarize the information presented: U CLIMATE CHANGE. It has been measured to some degree but not near as significantly as future occurrences. Future occurrences are likely. ❑ DROUGHT. There have been 0 events recorded since 1996 according to NCDC. Future occurrences are highly likely. The previous plan notes 3 severe droughts in 1986, 1998,and 2003. ❑ EARTHQUAKES. There have been 24 recorded earthquake events since 1812. There were 21 in Augusta and 3 in Hephzibah. The strongest had a recorded magnitude of VIII (MMI). Future occurrences are possible. ❑ EXTREME HEAT. There have been 0 recorded events since 1996 at the county level. Future occurrences are highly likely. U FLOOD. There have been 24 flood events since 1996, 23 of them in Augusta and 1 at Ft. Gordon. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❑ HAIL. There have been 72 recorded events since 1955 at the county level; 55 in Augusta, 11 in Hephzibah, and 6 at Ft. Gordon. $30,716 in property damages were reported. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❑ HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS. There have been 74 storm tracks that have come within 75 miles of the region since 1850. Future occurrences are likely. ❑ INFECTIOUS DISEASE OUTBREAK. Highly contagious types of infectious diseases have potential to cause major problems in concentrated areas. Future occurrences are possible. ❑ LIGHTNING. There has been 1 recorded lightning event in the region since 2012 resulting in$167,703 in reported property damages. 0 deaths and 3 injuries were reported. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❑ WINTER STORM AND FREEZE. There have been 8 recorded events since 2002. No deaths and 1 injury was reported. Future occurrences are likely. ❑ SOLAR EMP. There have been no major events recorded. Future occurrences are likely. ❑ TORNADOES. There have been 10 recorded tornado events reported since 1954. No deaths and 1 injury was reported. Future occurrences are likely. ❑ THUNDERSTORM / HIGH WINDS. There have been 182 thunderstorm events reported since 1955, 156 in Augusta, 12 in Hephzibah, and 9 at Ft. Gordon. 1 death and 36 injuries were reported. The County 4 million dollars reported in property damages. Future occurrences are highly likely. ❑ WILDFIRE. The average is 38 fires annually. The annual average is 129 acres annually. Future occurrences are likely. ❑ CHEMICAL HAZARD. 339 reported events since 1971. 21 were reported as serious incidents as well as 27 injuries. Future occurrences are highly likely. $771,913 has been reported in property damage. ❑ CYBER TERRORISM. No previous cyber-attacks have occurred. Future occurrences are possible. ❑ DAM AND LEVEE FAILURE. No recorded events in the County. Future occurrences are unlikely. ❑ NUCLEAR PLANT INCIDENT. No major incidents have been reported. Future occurrences are unlikely. ❑ TERRORISM. No major events have occurred in the County. Future events are possible. ❑ UTILITY FAILURE (Power/Water). No events have been recorded. Ice storms or strong wind events are typically the cause. Future occurrences are possible. During the hazard profile portion,specifics on each hazard were discussed. The initial hazard of discussion was climate change and it was suggested that it is a mix of drought and flooding. There was also some discussion on the number of repetitive loss properties. The group also requested that hail,tornado, and thunderstorm be examined separately. The Director of Public Health also shared that he had more updated infectious disease statistics that can be included. The committee suggested that more winter storm was available as well. Mr.Wiedenman stated that he tries to look at all of the hazards objectively. The results of the hazard identification process were used to generate a Priority Risk Index (PRI), which categorizes and prioritizes potential hazards as high, moderate or low risk based on probability, impact, spatial extent, warning time, and duration. The highest PRI was assigned to Flood, Climate Change, Chemical Hazard, Drought, Extreme Heat, and Hurricane/Tropical Storm. It was decided that Hurricane/Tropical Storm and Severe Winter Storm should both be moved to moderate based on justification from the group. The discussion continued with the area experiences more windstorms to straight line winds over hurricane and this provide the rationale to lower the severity of Hurricane/Tropical Storm. Another topic of discussion was the idea of separating chemical hazards into fixed site incidents and transportation incidents and placing both of them in the high range. It was also suggested that climate change could be viewed as the effect from other hazards instead of a separate risk. Ms. Walton then began the overview of the capability assessment. She stated the mechanism for how the capabilities are measured to include planning and regulatory capability, administrative and technical capability,fiscal capability,and political capability. Capability indicators included: • National Flood Insurance Program(NFIP) Participation • Community Rating System (CRS) Participation • Building Code Effectiveness Grading Schedule(BCEGS) • Local Capability Assessment Survey — Inventory and evaluation of existing plans, policies, programs and ordinances — Measures administrative,technical,fiscal and political capability Ms. Walton stated that the current capabilities overall vary based on the size of the jurisdiction but that initiating the CRS program would provide a significant benefit to the community. Next, Ms. Walton gave an overview of the public participation survey. She highlighted how the survey was disseminated and that 409 completed surveys were received. The highlights included that 90% of respondents are interested in making the community more resistant to hazards;43% have already taken action to make their residences/homes/neighborhoods more hazard resistant;and 47%do not know who to contact regarding risk reduction. The variety of responses for each question were shared. The overarching summary shared that the highest importance was placed on emergency services, prevention, and public education and awareness. The next portion of the meeting was focused on the mitigation strategy. Ms. Walton explained that the mitigation strategy stems from the findings of the risk assessment and public survey along with the capability assessment that will be completed and that the main purpose is to develop an action plan which is the most important part of the plan. Additional handouts of the mitigation action worksheet and potential mitigation goals were distributed. It was shared that the general idea of protecting life, health, and the safety of all citizens should be the focus. Information on exactly how to update the existing was detailed and examples were given. The steps to developing new mitigation actions were outlined as well and examples were given that might pertain to Augusta-Richmond County. Ms. Walton also reminded the group about the repetitive loss properties in the area as a reminder that actions for mitigating flooding should be included. She also connected back to the capability assessment to encourage actions related to areas of weakness for the City-County. Lastly, Ms. Walton stated that she would send the mitigation strategy documents out electronically and that she needed all feedback by December 2. Finally,the next steps of completing the mitigation strategy, drafting the plan, and submitting it were shared. She stated that she would be available to assist with mitigation action development and then asked if there were any questions. 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CN b N C- Q 2 as N O �/ OL _ 03 ,F >t Z. 2 11" (+ rj 41 L HIJt L' O) Q Vy A ..b),., cs ...L.)\--- 4 ,, >, z , • _. rb t,--, ' it A ,,...1. \--.4 =c_..) 0--- , --k ____, — u 44.. .....,...ce t- ,,i--- , , 2. d ) 1 I Augusta Fire/Emergency Management Division City of Augusta-Richmond County Chief Christopher James 3117 Deans Bridge Road Augusta Fire/Emergency Management Division Augusta, GA 30906 MEDIA ADVISORY Public Meeting Scheduled for City of Augusta-Richmond County Hazard Mitigation Plan Update August 1,2016 CONTACT: FOR IMMEDIATE,RELEASE Mie Lucas,Disaster Preparedness Coordinator Augusta Fire/Emergency Management Division 706.821.1157 office 706.799.9803 cell 706.821.1246 fax dlucas@augustaga.gov (Augusta, GA) —Augusta-Richmond County Emergency Management is in the process of updating our Multi Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan and we need your help! The Hazard Mitigation Plan identifies the hazards and risks within the City-County and determines exactly what the City-County can do to mitigate some of the potential damages in the future due to a disaster event whether it be winter weather or a storm. This plan serves as a guide for floodplain management and can help prevent losses in that area as well. This is a City-County-wide plan, so it is very important that everyone that has a vested interest comes together to provide input and weigh in on the prevention and mitigation. Every 5 years the plan has to be updated in order to maintain our eligibility for disaster assistance funds following any type of Federal Disaster Declaration. Our kick-off meeting regarding this initiative will take place at the Augusta Municipal Building in the Commission Chambers located at 535 Telfair Street,Augusta, GA on Friday,August 5 starting at 12:00pm. If you have any questions,please reach out to Augusta Fire/Emergency Management Division at at 706.821.1155. s of X o -..The Association of State F... E!8CSD 1 d.',SCSD 2 d_`;SCS03 d:SCSO 4 Guide d',Berkeley County Governor.. d;Charleston County,South.. d;,Clp-ER Space d'..Climate Prediction Center. ad COGS N. Q core ety 'dic e P. Hazard Mitigation meeting set for this week * * " o'.ee'' , t vineyard vines' \ TWO GREAT y AMERICAN . ` 9 T BaANos. _ ,r. + Art TOGETHER. M MEMi IIM �• - ' e Hazard set for this a meeting set(or this a _ ^"' «'�`` week y " TSA says you can bring - T s your pumpkin through " r ='*n. t ! �' '� Tips for -treaters r ' and peoplele welcoming lari. the ghosts and goblins US bans Samsung * aOaiasy Note 7 phones ,_ # lat from airliners PIM AAA offering tips for Darters during Teen ON- Driver Safety Week 3,Rah Gostee v.'eC t I t ptii.no.92 2215 Ba X griCianill2 alli Free Employee Wednesday,Nov.2,2016 Handbook AUGUSTA,Ga.(WRDW/WALT)-The Augusta-Richmond County Emergency Management Agency is set to host a Hazard Mitigation meeting this week f"i P Icy E 111',`-iV+ '. The meeting will be on Fnday,Nov.4 at 9 a.m,in the Commission Chambers on the second floor of the Municipal Building.The [h+hi 11i i i 1 1111.1 B" meeting Is being held to review nsk assessment Information and identify potential hazards as well as what could happen if those }{�!!1'-j!"+V�:k+f i'?1011. situations occur during en emergency /////\\\\1 The public is invited to attend the meeting and provide input on risk assessment.This is part of a 5-year update to Augusta's - - Hazard Mitigation Plan. ,, ,' '' ....t,,,, '--"",v...' - . . ' ,..","--...'- .. . .. 1( I Web... ''''''' BCSD 4 x x Center- 01:COGS ]Clulteston County. fde ol 8.it'ler C'''''''Y G'''''''''°. . ''BCSD 1 tr :,13CSD 3 tf; Gu The As000tott'n°SW'F... 1°- BCSO 2 d ent Departments ' .''•7"1:.:::'`1'' . ..: -:!.\ -F7-4 Government , . . ... .,. Living Here City Services Doing Business How Do I... '.':,-::";:;:::10':.1.'"'. „, .....1.--... ,- . • :; G ,, '• R G I .'''`',';''f'''''''' '' 7.-:.‘'': ,. .- ..... A ''....•0.,...,,,:.., ". . 0 011,11/C L , ¼,, <Shore ij. ' 1 .IA'-'-- , . ,.. writ. -4-- 1 Search -: 1 1 -- •• ,,,,,,, [---- I .e T.: 7.:":.:crtu.ott..... iitt•'it.,,s Page _•su 'I IAN tate9sse4 f w a 9) cti update the Community Survey .Augusta Emergency Management thazards you are So part er the community helping ehishere survey to tell us what fleet emergency,TA* ri Took Mitigation Plan.Complete _red at home for the Hazard a and IS you are Pre.— ta"4 ge Notify me. L'or:".;Inlendo-nous N... LI Online Payments W1-' -— c3 catestgodes f v 5 Agendas&Minutes I. 1 Career Opportunities e' . dagnesta.... c:1 coed • anun9..., manati..... •eaontadna..4 Sten.... ,nannon... . ttinaatn.6.4 Omar*. • ......trod . aand .m... pada ad .,,,,..,a,amandsa Ohm LEPC Distribution From:Sharon W. Bennett Sent:Tuesday,August 09,2016 1:48 PM To:Alan Hampton Member<ahampton@genchemcorp.com>; Bill Foster Member <bill@impactsafetysystems.com>;Bill Welsh-Univ<BillWelsh@uh.org>;Charlie Bowles <CharlieB@prayoninc.com>;Chuck Ray(Chuck.Ray@GEMA.GA.GOV)<Chuck.Rav@GEMA.GA.GOV>; Coord. LEPC(russell.bergmann@gema.ga.gov)<russell.bergmann@gema.ga.gov>; David Brown <David.Brown1@Va.gov>; Debra Beazley<dbeazley@augustaga.gov>; Earl Hilson Member <jehilson@olin.com>;Jack Milton,Jr<JMiltonJr@augustaga.gov>;James Reed<reed.jd.2@pg.com>; Jennifer Sosebee-Trinity<jsosebee@hhsl.com>;Jerry Asbach<jasbach@augustatech.edu>;Jimmy Atkins-school board<atkinji@boe.richmond.k12.ga.us>;Joe Webber-CEPAR (iwebber2@augusta.edu)<jwebber2@augusta.edu>;John Horne-PCS <John.Horne@potashcorp.com>;John Ryan-Member(john.f.ryan56.civ@mail.mil) <iohn.f.ryan56.civ@mail.mil>;Jonathan Adriano Public Health<jdadriano@dhr.state.ga.us>;Joseph Foster<joseph@impactsafetysystems.com>;Joseph Gnann-Georgia Pacfic Co. <ignann@spglp.com>;Juanita McDaniel<jmcdaniel@uwcsra.org>; Ken U. Erondu <Kerondu@gru.edu>; Kimberly Ledbetter-Ft.Gordon<kimberly.h.ledbetter4.ctr@mail.mil>; Lawrence Beggs Nutrasweet<lawrence.j.beggs@nutrasweet.com>;Commissioner William Lockett <WLockett@augustaga.gov>;Michael Williams DSM<michael.williams@dsm.com>; Michael Willis- Gold Cross<mwillis@goldcrossems.com>;Mie Lucas<DLucas@augustaga.gov>;Mille Graham- Augusta Trans Flo<augustatransflo@kindermorgan.com>; Nicholas Walsh-Olin (NPWalsh@olin.com)<NPWalsh@olin.com>; Nick Almeter(Nick.almeter@solvay.com) <Nick.almeter@solvavcom>;Paul Duckworth<Paul.Duckworth@potashcorp.com>; Randy Barrs Member<rbarrs9@yahoo.com>; Richard Dorman<richard.dorman@morganplc.com>;Scott Gay <sgay@augustaga.gov>;Stuart Stapleton-EQ<stuart.stapleton@egonline.com>;Tameka Allen <Allen@augustaga.gov>;Terri Turner<tturner@augustaga.gov>;Terrie Bradford <terrie.bradford@hcahealthcare.com>;Troy Temples-Olin<tdtemples@olin.com>;Vince Brogdon <vbrogdon@goldcrossems.com>;Audrey<aef audrev@yahoo.com>;Chad Parrish-Industrial Chem <Chadparish@industrialchem.com>;Cheri Mcleod-Akzonobel<cheri.mcleod@akzonobel.com>; Chris Pogson-Chem Trade Logistics<cpogson@chemtradelogistics.com>; Dan Gates-Region 6 ESM <dan.gates@dph.ga.gov>; Dan Martin AD Enviro<dmartin@adenviro.com>;Denise Cooper <ecooper1@auguta.edu>; Denise Cooper-Jasper<ecooperl@gru.edu>;Jamey Crosby <JCrosbv@GoldCrossEMS.com>;Jasper Cooke<icooke@augusta.edu>;Joe Webber-CEPAR <JWEBBER2@gru.edu>;John Neel AD Enviro<jneel@adenviro.com>; Kevin Wells-Jasper <kwells@gru.edu>; Laycee Silas<LSilas@augustaga.gov>;Michele Horton-Georgia Pacific <michele.horton@gapac.com>;Miller Birdsong-Doctors Hospital (Milton.birdsong@hcahealthcare.com)<Milton.birdsong@hcahealthcare.com>;Richard Watson <richardwatson@industrialchem.com>;Smith,Charles III CIV USARMY MEDCOM EAMC(US) <charles.smith45.civ@mail.mil>;Tim Weegar<tweegar@augustaga.gov>;Tom Basile Univar USA <Tom.basile@univarusa.com>;Wilford Storey<Wilford.Storey@morganplc.com> Subject:Information From Sharon Hello Everyone! This is a survey link we need everyone to take this survey for us. The survey will help us with the Hazard Mitigation Plan update! Even if you just work and not live in Richmond County we need you to take the survey. Thanks and hope to see you all next Friday. See the links below...any questions please let me know. Have a great afternoon. Sharon This is the link: http://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/2950698/Augusta- Richmond-County-Public-Participation-Survey It is now on our EMA page under the news center here: http://www.augustaga.gov/462/Emergency-Management Sharon W Bennett, GA-POEM, MM Emergency Management Specialist Community Emergency[response Team Program Manager Augusta Tire Department/Emergency Management Division 3117 Deans Bridge 10ati Augusta, Georgia 30906 706-821-1156 Office 706-821-2914 Tax cru~ �rrw+ao. Mataeernent bowrIssoiree VOLUNTARY SERVICE—the one human endeavor in which men and women of all races, nationalities,backgrounds and languages unite as a single force in pursuit of a single goal: Helping others help themselves. Please consider the environment before printing this email. This e-mail contains confidential information and is intended only for the individual named.If you are not the named addressee,you should not disseminate,distribute or copy this e-mail.Please notify the sender immediately by e-mail if you have received this e-mail by mistake and delete this e-mail from your system.The City of Augusta accepts no liability for the content of this e-mail or for the consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided,unless that information is subsequently confirmed in writing.Any views or opinions presented in this e-mail are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the City of Augusta.E-mail transmissions cannot be guaranteed to be secure or error-free as information could be intercepted,corrupted,lost, destroyed,arrive late or incomplete,or contain viruses.The sender therefore does not accept liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this message which arise as a result of the e-mail transmission.If verification is required,please request a hard copy version. 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